IGF-1R signaling controls various vital cellular functions and this signaling is deregulated in many cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Several efforts have mainly focused on inhibiting the IGF-1R signaling cascade. The outcomes of these focused preclinical studies have been positive, whereas clinical trials of IGF-1R inhibitors in pancreatic cancer have failed, raising the questions about this therapeutic approach. This necessitates a better understanding of the role of IGF-1R signaling in pancreatic cancer. We investigated the impact of IGF-1R signaling on crucial transcription factors and identified the FOXC1 as one of the crucial regulator of IGF-1R signaling. We employed genetic approaches to overexpress and silence FOXC1 in pancreatic cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that IGF-1R and FOXC1 seem to positively regulate each other. Further, FOXC1 increased the metastatic abilities of pancreatic cancer cells by enhancing cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. The data from xenograft experiments further established the importance of FOXC1 in pancreatic tumorigenesis. In conclusion, FOXC1 is a potent oncogenic transcription factor, which promotes pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis. Thus, targeting FOXC1 could be a potential therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer.

This article provides a review of the literature in attachment theory, outcomes of being in foster care, impacts of trauma, and long-term attachment outcomes of foster care alumni. Thus far, minimal research has been conducted on the topic of attachment outcomes of foster care alumni in general as related to the field of marriage and family therapy. Attachment outcomes of foster care alumni is an important area to understand for marriage and family therapists because of the connection between attachment and relational functioning. The purpose of this article is to help gain an initial understanding of the experiences of foster care alumni and how those experiences may impact their development of attachment styles. Exploring this topic assists clinicians in providing services to children currently in foster care, foster care alumni, and their families.

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