This literature review will highlight to nursing staff within the critical care environment the importance of central venous oxygen saturation measurement and interpretation. By raising awareness of the importance of this measurement it is hoped nursing staff will be proactive in both taking this test and analysing the results, therefore facilitating better care for the septic, critically ill patient and improving outcomes for these patients.

Breaking the news of the death of a patient to their relatives is one of the most difficult and dreaded aspects of nursing. While it is not an aspect of the job that nurses relish, it is key that nursing staff have full understanding of their role during this time to allow them to communicate this difficult news in a sensitive manner. This article will examine the role of the nurse in communicating the news of a patient's death to their next of kin and relatives. Staff education and training to deal with the bereaved will be assessed, as will the nurse's perceptions of their role. The impact of the nurse's presence on the bereaved will be looked at, and finally the role of the nurse in bereavement follow up will conclude this article.

The issue of allowing relatives to witness brainstem death testing has sparked debate between all members of the multidisciplinary team working in intensive care. A literature search was carried out, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of relatives observing brainstem death testing. Databases searched were the NHS Knowledge Network, OVID, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, and Medline. Search items included: brainstem death, brainstem death testing, brain death, intensive care, relatives, families and witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Articles which were under ten years old were included; however articles which were pertinent to the topic were not excluded if outside this timeframe.

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