The anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) are a major interface between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex within an extended Papez circuit. Rat models suggest that the deficits caused by ATN damage, which is associated with 'diencephalic amnesia', can be ameliorated by environmental enrichment (EE) through unknown mechanisms. We examined whether changes in theta rhythmicity within and between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are influenced by EE in rats with ATN lesions. Here we show that ATN lesions and EE produced essentially opposed functional effects in terms of changes in rhythmicity between two consecutive trials when rats forage for chocolate hail. On the second trial, standard-housed rats with ATN lesions showed: a) a clear reduction in prefrontal cortex experience-dependent power change in the theta band and in two adjacent bands; b) little change in the theta band in hippocampal area CA1; and c) only a modest overall reduction in experience-dependent power change at lower theta frequencies in the dentate gyrus. EE exposure prevented the decrease in prefrontal theta power in rats with ATN lesions, and in fact caused a clear increase in prefrontal cortex power across all bands. While ATN lesions did not reliably affect prefrontal-CA1 or prefrontal-dentate theta coherence, EE increased the coherence between prefrontal cortex and area CA1 in both the sham and ATN groups. Thus EE increases functional connectivity between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus via pathways that bypass the ATN, and increases behaviourally-dependent prefrontal rhythmicity. These EEG effects may contribute to improved learning and memory in the ATN-lesion model of diencephalic amnesia. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.