Aim:To study the presentation of HIV-TB co-infection, co-relating the mean CD4 counts with regard to age and gender of the affected individuals. Methodology: A cross-sectional study on a total of 334 HIV positive patients diagnosed with tuberculosis was performed and individuals with age more than or equal to 18 years were selected. The data available from patient case records was collected in Performa's. Results: In this study, Pulmonary TB was observed in 67.66% and extra pulmonary TB was observed in 32.33% of the individuals with the age group of 18-45 years of age being commonly affected in both Pulmonary and Extra pulmonary TB (85.02%). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was more in pulmonary TB (33.35 years) than in extra pulmonary TB (35.84 years). Males were commonly affected in pulmonary TB (57.96%) whereas females were mostly affected in extra pulmonary TB (56.48%). The mean CD4 counts in pulmonary TB were less (205.66 cells/ mm 3 ) than extra pulmonary TB (237.65 cells/mm 3 ) at the time of diagnosis. The mean CD4 counts and age at the time of presentation was less in female (204 cells/mm 3 , 30.97 years) than males in pulmonary TB which was similar to that in extra pulmonary TB in which females had a mean CD4 count of 201.08 cells/mm 3 with 36.50 years as mean age. Conclusion: TB still predominates the spectrum of opportunistic infections experienced by the HIV positive individuals manifesting as either pulmonary or extra pulmonary TB. So, special emphasis should be laid in the effective implementation of preventive strategies.

Background:HIBackground: HIV/ AIDS is an epidemic that is most prevalent in India affecting people of different age groups, occupations and gender. It has a severe impact on the health status of the affected individuals. With the increase in the transmission of HIV there is also an increase in the existence of TB as a co-infection. In this context, the aim of our study is to emphasize the factors affecting the occurrence, transmission and prognosis of HIV/AIDS patients along with TB co-infection.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to March 2016 at an ART center in South India. All the seropositive patients with/ without opportunistic infection above the age of 18 years were included in the study.Results: Overall 374 patients were included in the study, of which the most affected age group was 18-45 years. Women constituted 55.61% of the total population. 64.17% of the individuals were married. Majority of them belonged to rural areas (64.97%) and were illiterates (37.43%). Commonly observed WHO clinical stage was I and functional status was working. Heterosexuality (93.65%) was the predominant route of transmission. 170 had TB with PTB (60.58%) being prevalent than EPTB (33.52%). The number of smear positive and smear negative cases were 37.79% and 27.55% respectively. DOTS therapy was accessible to only 49.99%.Conclusions: There was an extensive prevalence of TB among HIV/AIDS individuals. This signifies a need for increased screening of TB among HIV seropositive individuals and vice-versa. Preventive and educational programmes should be organised to halt the transmission of HIV and to reduce the newly occurring HIV infections. V/ AIDS is an epidemic that is most prevalent in India affecting people of different age groups, occupations and gender. It has a severe impact on the health status of the affected individuals. With the increase in the transmission of HIV there is also an increase in the existence of TB as a co-infection. In this context, the aim of our study is to emphasize the factors affecting the occurrence, transmission and prognosis of HIV/AIDS patients along with TB co-infection.Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to March 2016 at an ART center in South India. All the seropositive patients with/ without opportunistic infection above the age of 18 years were included in the study.Results: Overall 374 patients were included in the study, of which the most affected age group was 18-45 years. Women constituted 55.61% of the total population. 64.17% of the individuals were married. Majority of them belonged to rural areas (64.97%) and were illiterates (37.43%). Commonly observed WHO clinical stage was I and functional status was working. Heterosexuality (93.65%) was the predominant route of transmission. 170 had TB with PTB (60.58%) being prevalent than EPTB (33.52%). The number of smear positive and smear negative cases were 37.79% and 27.55% respectively. DOTS therapy was accessible to only 49.99%.Conclusion: There was an extensive prevalence of TB among HIV/AIDS individuals. This signifies a need for increased screening of TB among HIV seropositive individuals and vice-versa. Preventive and educational programmes should be organised to halt the transmission of HIV and to reduce the newly occurring HIV infections.

Gynaecomastia in simple terms means development of breast in the males. This may be associated with various clinical conditions in men depending on the age at the time of diagnosis and may be due to intake of certain drugs that have the potential to cause breast enlargement. In HIV positive individuals Antiretro viral agent's intake was associated with development of breast tissue in males with efavirenz being one of such drugs. We report a case of efavirenz induced gynaecomastia in 37 year old male seropositive patient.

Nevirapine is one of the first line agents of the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) used widely in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and also in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Anemia is often reported in the individuals taking ART. We report a case of Nevirapine induced autoimmune haemolytic anemia (AIHA). This case report creates awareness on the hematologic abnormality caused by the drug requiring immediate medical attention.