The probabilistic estimation of tsunami impact on bridges and the evaluation of potential tsunami risk are important topics, but they are still in very early stages of development. First, this paper presents the damage of bridges during the great Tohoku-oki earthquake and giant tsunami of 11 March 2011 based on the field damage investigation. The damage conditions and the possible failure mechanisms of bridges due to tsunami are particularly discussed. Second, tsunami fragility curves are presented. Empirical tsunami fragility curves based on the utilization of damage data associated with past tsunami disasters have been developed. In this paper, the tsunami fragility curves are established based on simulations. Bridge failure probability can be estimated using the tsunami hazard and fragility curves. Finally, an illustrative example of the reliability estimation of a bridge exposed to tsunami hazard is presented.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of knee internal rotation exercises on the knee adduction moment and function of elderly women with knee osteoarthritis (OA). [Subjects] Elderly women with knee OA were enrolled and randomly allocated to either a conventional exercise group or a RRR program (knee rotation exercise) group, which performed knee rotational exercises. The final numbers of subjects were 12 in the conventional exercise group and 9 in the RRR group. [Methods] Subjects' knee adduction moment was measured during gait and questionnaire surveys (KOOS, SF-36) were conducted before and after the 4-week intervention. [Results] The mean SF-36 score of the RRR program group showed a significantly greater improvement than that of the control group. No significant differences were observed in KOOS results or knee adduction moment, but knee adduction moment in the RRR program group tended to decrease. [Conclusion] The RRR program may be more effective at improving activity than the conventional exercise program.