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Diagnosis of inflammatory diseases is characterized by identifying symptoms, biomarkers, and imaging. However, conventional techniques lack the sensitivities and specificities to detect disease early. Here, it is demonstrated that the detection of macrophage phenotypes, from inflammatory M1 to alternatively activated M2 macrophages, corresponding to the disease state can be used to predict the prognosis of various diseases. Activatable nanoreporters that can longitudinally detect the presence of the enzyme Arginase 1, a hallmark of M2 macrophages, and nitric oxide, a hallmark of M1 macrophages are engineered, in real‐time. Specifically, an M2 nanoreporter enables the early imaging of the progression of breast cancer as predicted by selectively detecting M2 macrophages in tumors. The M1 nanoreporter enables real‐time imaging of the subcutaneous inflammatory response that rises from a local lipopolysccharide (LPS) administration. Finally, the M1‐M2 dual nanoreporter is evaluated in a muscle injury model, where an initial inflammatory response is monitored by imaging M1 macrophages at the site of inflammation, followed by a resolution phase monitored by the imaging of infiltrated M2 macrophages involved in matrix regeneration and wound healing. It is anticipated that this set of macrophage nanoreporters may be utilized for early diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of inflammatory responses in various disease models.

Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma or the so called “Giant Cell Epulis” is the most common oral giant cell lesion. It is described as non-neoplastic, hyperplastic lesion occurring exclusively on gingival/alveolar crest that appears as a overgrowth of tissues, following trauma or irritation arising from periosteum or periodontal membrane. It can be sessile or pedunculated with size usually less than 2cm. Although being uncommon, this lesion carries a lot of uncertainity in terms of its etiology, growth potential, biological behavior (recurrence), histogenesis of its cells and its treatment. We hereby report a case of a 49-year old male patient, with peripheral giant cell granuloma in mandibular posterior region, who was successfully treated and is on regular follow up since 6 months.

Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to more than 200 countries and has become a global pandemic. There have been more than 49 million confirmed cases of Covid-19 as of 1st of November, 2020 with over 1.2 million case fatalities all over the world. The current review paper gives an update on the epidemiology, investigations modalities and treatment options including the various current treatment protocols, vaccines in development and experimental drugs in research.