Topical minoxidil solution is recommended treatment for female pattern hair loss.However, some complications, such as skin allergies, have prevented some patients from completely receiving this treatment. This study intends to evaluate the therapeutic and side effects of oral minoxidil 0.25 mg tablets treatment on FPHL and compare it with conventional treatment of 2% topical minoxidil. This study is a tripleblind randomized clinical trial in which 72 women with FPHL were treated as two separate groups. Group 1 was treated with oral minoxidil 0.25 mg tablets and topical placebo solution, while topical minoxidil solutions and oral placebo tablets were used to treat group 2 patients. In the oral minoxidil group, the average hair diameter and hair density after the 9-month treatment reached from 0.044 mm and 102 per cm 2 to 0.048 mm and 115 per cm 2 , respectively. In the topical minoxidil group, the average hair diameter and hair density from initial values of 0.044 mm and 107 per cm 2 increased to 0.047 mm and 113 per cm 2 . In both groups, the changes of hair diameter and hair density were significant compared to initial values (p < 0.001), while the trend of changes was not statically different between the two groups (p = 0.077, p = 0.674 for hair diameter and hair density, respectively) and side effects were trivial. In conclusion, oral minoxidil is an effective and new treatment for FPHL, even with a minimal dose, which can be used as an alternative treatment, especially for patients with poor compliance against topical minoxidil.female pattern hair loss, oral minoxidil, topical minoxidil, trichoscopy | INTRODUCTIONFemale pattern hair loss (FPHL) is the most common form of hair loss in women. [1][2][3] It occurs in a generally distinctive pattern characterized by a progressive decline in fiber production by scalp hair follicles and their eventual miniaturization. 1 It can damage a patient's self-esteem and may even cause some psychological problems. 4 Therefore, achieving a simple treatment that can be readily acceptable for different patients is essential.

Improvement of power amplifier’s performance is the desired topic in communication systems. There are many efforts are made to provide good input and output matching, high efficiency, sufficient power gain and appropriate output power. This paper presents a power amplifier with optimized input and output matching networks. In the proposed approach, a new structure of the Hidden Markov Model with 20 hidden states is used for modeling the power amplifier. The widths and lengths of the microstrip lines in the input and output matching networks are defined as the parameters that the Hidden Markov Model should optimize. For validating our algorithm, a power amplifier has been realized based on a 10W GaN HEMT with part number CG2H40010F from the Cree corporation. Measurement results have shown a PAE higher than 50%, a Gain of about 14 dB, and input and output return losses lower than -10 dB over the frequency range of 1.8–2.5 GHz. The proposed PA can be used in wireless applications such as radar systems.

Background: In this paper, a new frequency-selective structure (FSS) for 3 to 4 GHz frequency band of fifth generation (5G) is proposed as a result of an analytical mode-matching method. background: Nowadays, frequency-selective structures (FSSs) have been more attractive for researchers for their different applications, such as reducing the electromagnetic interference in communication systems, reducing radar cross-section, antennas mutual coupling reduction, security of wireless networks, energy harvesting , wearable sensing FSS, and electromagnetic absorbers in a wide frequency band. One of the other applications of the FSSs is as covers that pass the specific frequencies of the 5G communication system and reflect the wave of WLAN frequencies in 2 and 5 GHz bands. Methods: A new periodic structure with stepped rods is designed using a closed-form equation derived by the analytical mode-matching method. Performance of the structure is simulated by different numerical packages. Results: The analytical and simulation results demonstrate that the designed structure transmits incident waves in 3.4 to 3.9 GHz frequency range with return loss lower than 10 dB and insertion loss of about 0.5 dB. The structure reflects the frequencies out of this range, especially wireless local area network (WLAN) 5 GHz, which is adjacent to this band. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed structure is independent of the TE and TM polarization of the incident wave and relative to the angle of the incident wave up to 60 degrees from perpendicular to the FSS surface, it has minor variations of about 8% in the transmitted frequency bandwidth. In addition, the average value of maximum field enhancement factor (MFEF) as the ratio of maximum field magnitude on the FSS surface to the magnitude of the incident field, used for assessing power handling capability of the structure, is about 4.5. Conclusion: Therefore, these features make the proposed structure suitable for 5G communication and high power systems.

No abstract