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In recent years, numerous studies have explored the opportunities and challenges for emerging decentralized energy systems and business models. However, few studies have focussed specifically on the economic and social value associated with three emerging models: peer-to-peer energy trading (P2P), community self-consumption (CSC) and transactive energy (TE). This article presents the findings of a systematic literature review to address this gap. The paper makes two main contributions to the literature. Firstly, it offers a synthesis of research on the social and economic value of P2P, CSC and TE systems, concluding that there is evidence for a variety of sources of social value (including energy independence, local benefits, social relationships, environmental responsibility and participation and purpose) and economic value (including via self-consumption of renewable electricity, reduced electricity import costs, and improved electricity export prices). Secondly, it identifies factors and conditions necessary for the success of these models, which include willingness to participate, participant engagement with technology, and project engagement of households and communities, among other factors. Finally, it discusses conflicts and trade-offs in the value propositions of the models, how the three models differ from one another in terms of the value they aim to deliver and some of the open challenges that require further attention by researchers and practitioners.

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Governments play an important role in ensuring the functioning of our societies (Zucker, 1986; Möhlman, 2018). This paper therefore seeks to better understand the implications, potential advantages, and disadvantages when governments take on certain roles towards or within the sharing economy. The paper will answer the following question: What is the role of governments in sharing economies to help ensure trust between users? In order to deepen this research question, the paper will elaborate on what the role of technology can be to ensure that government plays a role in ensuring trust in sharing economies. This paper contributes to policymaking by identifying the options governments have to build trust in sharing economies. In order to elaborate on the role of governments in ensuring trust for sharing economies, Power, today, comes from sharing information. Not withholding it. Keith Ferrazzi 'Digital platform in industrial symbiosis' deals with B2B information sharing and the role of government in creating an electronic platform to enable this. The second descriptive case study 'Blockchain in Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading' deals with P2P electricity trading and the role of government in enabling the sharing of electricity. It deals with security and privacy constraints in a blockchain network. Both use cases involve the region of Flanders, Belgium.

This paper performs business, security and privacy analysis of emergent (peer-to-peer) electricity trading markets where individual users (via smart meters) can trade electricity with other users and market players in a (semi-)decentralised manner. Firstly, a high-level overview of future electricity markets is presented, and a comprehensive explanation is offered concerning the evolution of the current (and future) actors regarding their roles. Secondly, business model matrix analysis is deployed to develop and discuss in detail four scenarios based on customers' information ownership and citizens' level of involvement. Lastly, an analysis of security and privacy threats is performed which leads to a specification of necessary requirements to mitigate such threats. This paper provides and serves as a benchmark for risk assessment and future design of secure peer-to-peer electricity trading markets.