Islamism is a complex phenomenon with multiple dimensions and various ramifications. Like other political doctrines, Islamism, in its contemporary shape, is an 'ideology', a 'movement-organisation' and a 'form of government'. This study is predominantly devoted to the analysis of Islamism as a totalitarian ideology. We are interested in knowing how and when this concept has been fabricated; how it has evolved and what differentiates it from 'Islam'. Aiming at a conceptual clarification, we propose a definition of Islamism which enables us to grasp the essence of this phenomenon in its variations (Sunni, Shi'a and Wahhabi) and its different shapes (global and national). Our analysis shows that, despite sectarian and other differences between various Islamist groups, their final objective remains the same. They all aim at the re-instauration of the Islamic might in the world: to achieve this goal, the use of violence is not rejected. M. Mozaffari

As Iran's most homogeneous socio-professional group, the Bazar has played an important role in the continuing violence in that country. Prior to the Islamic revolution, the Bazar reacted to systematical peripheralization by state violence, assassinations, and terrorist actions. After the Islamic revolution it became an influential partner and ally of the state. This, however, did not diminish Bazari violence, which has now become an integral part of state violence in Iran. This study analyzes the Bazar through a behaviorist thesis, which postulates relations of causality between relative deprivation and aggression. A series of new explanations is also introduced to clarify the behavior of the Bazar when it was no longer deprived, but still remained aggressive.

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