Remifentanil (1 microg/kg) administered before thiopental (1 mg/kg) has no adverse effect on the duration of ECT-induced convulsion and recovery time, but it can attenuate the increase in heart rate and arterial blood pressure.

Background: Every educational institution requires an evaluation system in order to find out about the quality and desirability of its activities, especially if it is a complex and dynamic environment. The present study was conducted to evaluate the educational performance of schools affiliated to Alborz University of Medical Sciences to help improve their performance. Methods: This descriptive analytical study was conducted in six schools affiliated to Alborz University of Medical Sciences in April 2016-October 2016 and October 2016-April 2017. The evaluation was carried out in two stages: self-assessment by service executives across schools, and external assessment in person by the university’s expert staff. The study tools included the components, criteria and desirable standards of educational performance in ten categories. Data were analyzed in SPSS. Results: The results obtained showed that, in April-October 2016, the highest performance evaluation scores pertained to the "secure testing" and "rules and regulations" components and the lowest to the "packages for reform and innovation in education" and "the school action plan" components. In October 2016-April 2017, the highest scores pertained to "workforce empowerment" and "secure testing" and the lowest to "faculty affairs" and "electronic education management system". Conclusions: Offering a balanced portrayal of the actual performance of schools using the right performance indicators in two consecutive periods can help further motivate the superior schools and encourage the weaker schools to strive harder. Competition among schools to get a higher score in the components affecting medical education helps mobilize them to move toward reform and improvement.

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INTRODUCTION: The educational service is expensive and having the right financial information is one of the most important tools for managing financial resources. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, this study aimed to determine the cost of educational services for medical sciences students at Alborz University of Medical Sciences. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 20, 2018, and March 20, 2019, at Alborz University of Medical Sciences. The current and capital cost data were extracted from the university's financial database, and the cost price of services provided was calculated using the activity-based cost model. RESULTS: The mean annual cost of services per student was $4778, and the mean cost of education per hour was $113. The total cost price of services provided per student at the school was 65% for wages and salary, 26% for depreciation of building and equipment, and 9% for consumable goods and services. Furthermore, the share of different cost centers to the total cost price of services provided per student was 82% for educational services, 11.9% for student welfare services, and 6.1% for research services. CONCLUSION: Costs of personnel, especially pays to faculty members and the costs of capital expenditures, are the most important costs in higher education institutions. It seems reducing of pay to faculty members through novelty approach of education and evaluation, reducing capital expenditures through use effective of buildings and equipment that can be placed higher education institutions in the path to productivity.

Background and objectives: Due to the negative effects and risks of general anesthesia for the mother and fetus, spinal anesthesia has been the preferred method of anesthesia for cesarean section. Nevertheless, this method has its own disadvantages and side effects, which must be prevented or treated through effective approaches. This study evaluates the effect of wearing compression socks on degree of hypotension and ephedrine administration after spinal anesthesia in candidates for cesarean section. Methods: In this clinical trial, 80 candidates for cesarean section were equally divided into an intervention group and a control group. Immediately after spinal anesthesia, the patients were worn compression socks from the tip of the toe fingers up to the knees. Blood pressure was measured and recorded just before spinal anesthesia and every 5 minutes after, for 30 minutes. The recorded data were analyzed by SPSS (version 19). Results: The mean blood pressure recorded 5 minutes and 15 minutes after spinal anesthesia differed significantly between the two groups (P<0.05). Moreover, ephedrine was not administered for the patients in the intervention group in the first 5 minutes after spinal anesthesia. Conclusion: Considering the positive effects of wearing compression socks on the anesthesiainduced hypotension and amount of ephedrine administration, this non-invasive method is highly recommended for cesarean section candidates who undergo spinal anesthesia.