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The importance of zooplankton in the food chain of aquatic ecosystems has been well documented (Agasild and Noges, 2005; Medeiros and Arthington, 2008). Zooplankton has a special role as a food for fish larvae and aquatic invertebrates. Furthermore, the species composition and the abundance of zooplankton such as rotifers and cladocerans are excellent tools for interpreting the trophic level in a given water body, since they are very sensitive to environmental variables such as nutrient availability (

Summary: Stress in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) externally exposed to formalin was evaluated by measuring stress indicators; plasma cortisol, glucose, calcium (Ca), phophorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), magnesium (Mg), hematocrit, and innate immunity parameters; C-reactive protein (CRP), ceruloplasmin. Fish were separately exposed to formalin at a concentration of 150 ppm for 60 min. The parameters were analyzed for sea bream and sea bass exposed to antimicrobial agents soon after treatment and fish exposed to antimicrobial agents after 24 h and 48 h (recovery) following the treatments. Plasma cortisol levels increased after exposure in both sea bream and sea bass however, plasma cortisol recovered in sea bass within 48 h. Plasma glucose values in exposed sea bream and sea bass were 2-fold and 3-fold higher than controls, respectively. Plasma glucose values remained high in 48 h recovery. Plasma electrolytes after exposure and during recovery showed fluctuated results, with different time profile and fish species. While plasma P, Mg and Cl were not affected by formalin exposure in sea bream, plasma Na and Cl remained unchanged in sea bass exposed to formalin. Hematocrit values in sea bream and sea bass did not change after formalin exposure. Innate immunity parameters measured in this study; C-reactive protein (CRP) and ceruloplasmin changed after formalin exposure. CRP levels in sea bream decreased after exposure and did not return to control values in recovery period. However, CRP levels in sea bass increased soon after exposure and decreased to control levels within 48 h recovery. Ceruloplasmin values decreased after formalin exposure both in sea bream and sea bass and did not return to control values within 48 h recovery. The results demonstrated that formalin exposure represents potentially stressful event for sea bream and sea bass when considered the elevated plasma cortisol, glucose, disrupted hydromineral balance, altered CRP and ceruloplasmin.Key words: Formalin exposure, gilthead sea bream, sea bass, stress indicators Profilaktik amaçla formaline maruz bırakma çipura (Sparus aurata) ve levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) için stres kaynağı mıdır?Özet: Çalışmada, çipura (Sparus aurata) ve levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) balıklarını profilaktik amaçla formaline banyo şeklinde maruz bırakmanın ardından meydana gelen stres araştırılmıştır. Stres indikatörlerinden; plazma kortisol, glukoz, kalsiyum (Ca), fosfor (P), sodyum (Na), potasyum (K), klorür (Cl), magnezyum (Mg), hematokrit ile non spesifik immunite parametrelerinden; C-reactive protein (CRP) ve seruloplazmin ölçümleriyle stres olgusu değerlendirilmiştir. Balıklar, ayrı ayrı olmak üzere 150 ppm formalin konsantrasyonuna 60 dakika süreyle maruz bırakılmışlardır. Belirtilen parametrelerin analizi için, balıklar formalin uygulamasından hemen sonra; ve uygulamanın ardından taze deniz suyunda 24 ile 48 saat bekletme (iyileşme periyodu) sonrasında örneklenmiştir. Plazma kortisol seviyesi hem çipura he...

Özet:Balık hastalıkları ve enfeksiyonları nedeniyle meydana gelen ekonomik kayıplar gibi problemler su ürünleri sektörünün gelişimi açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Günümüzde birçok balık hastalık etmeninin tedavisi için halen etkin bir çözüm geliştirilememiş olması ve var olan tedavi yöntemlerinin ise balıklar için ekstra bir stres kaynağı olması, bilim adamlarını balık hastalıklarına karşı immünostimulanların kullanımını araştırmaya sevk etmiştir. Bu derlemede balık hastalıklarına karşı kullanılan immunostimulanların avantaj ve dezavantajları ve mevcut immunostimulanlar üzerine yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmiştir. Abstract: Fish Health and the Use of ImmunostimulantsProblems such as economic losses due to fish diseases and infections, are the most important issue for the development of the fisheries sector. Current studies focus on the use of immunostimulants against fish diseases due to the fact that there is still no effective treatment for a few fish diaseases and the available treatments possess additional stres for fish. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of the immunostimulants used against fish disases and studies on the current immunostimulants are summarized.

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