Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow is the second most frequent entrapment neuropathy and is considered idiopathic in most patients. However, several anatomic variations, including the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle, have been reported to cause ulnar nerve compression. The anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is a common anatomic variation, with a prevalence of up to 34%, but the clinical diagnosis of ulnar neuropathy of the elbow as a result of this variation is rare, with an unknown prevalence. It is a congenital accessory muscle between the medial humeral epicondyle and the olecranon that covers the posterior aspect of the cubital tunnel and is usually an operative finding, not a preoperative diagnosis. Ulnar neuropathy as a result of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle usually has different characteristics than idiopathic disease, including younger age at onset, more rapid progression with a short duration of symptoms, distinct neurophysiology with velocity drop or conduction block of the ulnar nerve, and edema of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle on magnetic resonance imaging. Neurophysiologic findings in anconeus epitrochlearis-associated ulnar neuropathy indicate subacute onset of symptoms rather than the chronic demyelinating process that is seen in idiopathic ulnar neuropathy. Medial elbow pain may be more exacerbated in these patients rather than the more common sensorial symptoms. This is probably the result of static compression of the nerve and increased cubital tunnel pressure, even when the elbow is in extension. This article describes a case of ulnar nerve entrapment of the elbow in a 28-year-old woman as a result of compression by the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle and includes magnetic resonance imaging findings, surgical correlations, and clinical and neurophysiologic findings. [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(5):e988-e991.].

The shortening of the tendon occurs as a result of adherence in the distal part of the tendon. It would appear that it is this shortening that causes the difficulties encountered during arthroplasty surgery of osteotomy patients, and not patella infera.

Retrosternal displacement of the medial clavicular metaphysis after a medial physeal fracture is a rare and potentially fatal injury because of possible damage of neurovascular structures, trachea and oesophagus. As the medial clavicular epiphysis does not ossify until 18-20 years of age and the medial clavicular physis is the last to close, around 22-25 years of age, this injury is difficult to demonstrate with plain radiographs in younger patients and is often mistaken for a sternoclavicular joint dislocation. We report on a 16-year-old boy with a fracture of the medial clavicular physis with retrosternal displacement of the metaphysis that was diagnosed with MRI, and discuss the diagnostic tools and treatment options in this rare injury.

Renal osteodystrophy is one of the major causes of morbidity in patients receiving long-term dialysis treatment for renal failure and after transplantation. Its clinical implications include high-turnover bone disease, low-turnover bone disease, osteomalacia, osteosclerosis, and osteoporosis. A 13-year-old boy who had been on dialysis treatment for renal failure was admitted with a pathologic supracondylar femur fracture after a minor trauma. Radiological studies showed cystic lesions in the femoral supracondyle, left acetabular roof, and right proximal and distal tibia. Based on radiologic appearances of the lesions and on histopathologic findings of the lesion excised from the right distal tibia, brown tumor and fibrous dysplasia were considered in the differential diagnosis. Initially, serum parathyroid hormone level was slightly increased and calcium level was normal, but during follow-up, serum parathyroid hormone level increased significantly, enabling the diagnosis of brown tumor.

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