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There is an increasing interest to bio-components obtained from fruit & vegetable wastes. Anthocyanin is one of the components regained from fruits especially from red ones. Sour cherry is considered as industrial fruit since most of the grown fruit is processed into juice and hence considerable amount of pomace is removed from process. The influences of process parameters on the extraction of phenolic compounds from sour cherry pomace were investigated. Fifty-one percent ethanol concentration, 75°C temperature and 12 mL/g solvent to solid ratio were selected as optimum process parameters. Time effect on the process efficiency was monitored at three different temperatures (25, 50 and 75°C) and total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents were found to reach equilibrium concentrations between 80 and 100 min time intervals. Ethanol concentrations affected differently extraction yield of anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenolics. Various individual phenolic compounds present in sour cherry pomace were identified and quantified by HPLC equipped with UV/ Vis PDA. Of the phenolic compounds, cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside, neochlorogenic acid and catechin were the most abundant ones found in the pomace. 14.23 ± 0.38 mg/g total phenolic, 0.41±0.02 mg/g total anthocyanin, 0.19 ± 0.02 mg/g cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside, 0.22 ± 0.01 mg/g neochlorogenic acid and 0.22±0.02 mg/g catechin contents (dry weight) were determined in the pomace at optimum extraction conditions.

Summary The effects of temperature and pretreatment on drying kinetics and thermal degradation of phytonutrients present in pomegranate arils were investigated. The arils were divided into two groups, and half of the samples were pretreated by dipping into 80 °C hot water for 2 min. The drying process was conducted in the vacuum drier at the temperatures of 55, 65 and 75 °C. The fastest drying was completed at 75 °C after pretreatment of the samples. The highest anthocyanin–phenolic compound contents and antioxidant capacity were detected in the arils dried at 55 °C. Seven thin‐layer drying models were used to predict drying curves, and Arrhenius and Eyring–Polanyi models were employed to predict phytonutrient degradation kinetics. Activation energy for drying was 24.26 kJ mol−1 for pretreated samples and 31.54 kJ mol−1 for untreated samples. Effective moisture diffusivities were ranged from 1.43 × 10−9 to 6.03 × 10−9 m2 s−1.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with and without laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) to determine the risk factors for the occurrence of LPR in patients with GERD. This is a retrospective study of GERD patients with and without LPR. From the outpatient computer program of our hospital we randomly enrolled 45 GERD patients with LPR into the first group and another 45 GERD patients without LPR to the second group. Medical records of the patients in both groups were examined. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy. LPR was confirmed by laryngoscopy, and LPR-related laryngoscopy scoring. Non-erosive GERD (NERD), erosive GERD (ERD) and Barrett's esophagus (BE) were diagnosed by endoscopy and histopathology. Various clinical parameters including status of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, topography of gastritis were analyzed. For therapy, lansoprazole in a dosage of 30 mg BID for at least 8 weeks were given to all patients in both groups. GERD patients with and without LPR were compared according to demographic, clinic, endoscopic and histopathological parameters. The results revealed that patients with LPR were younger than the patients without LPR (38.7 ± 10.2 years and 43.8 ± 11.5 years; p = 0.08); however, there was no statistical significance. Patients without LPR showed no gender predilection (55% male) while LPR patients showed male preponderance (71% male). In LPR group, 11 patients (24%) had NERD, while 28 (62%) and 6 (13%) patients had ERD and BE, respectively. Twenty-seven (60%) patients without LPR were diagnosed as NERD, 15 patients (33%) without LPR had ERD and only 3 patients (6.6%) showed the histological findings of BE. The patients in LPR group had higher body mass index. Hiatal hernia was more frequent in the patients with LPR (53%) than in the patients without LPR (24%) (p = 0.005). LPR patients had longer duration of reflux symptoms than the patients without LPR (p = 0.04). H. pylori status was not different in both groups but the patients without LPR had more corpus gastritis than the patients with LPR. Eight weeks of lansoprazole treatment was successful in 71% of patients with LPR, and 86% of patients without LPR. We concluded that male gender, hiatal hernia, longer duration of symptoms, high BMI, having ERD and BE seems as risk factors for the occurrence of LPR in patients with GERD. H. pylori status did not have any effect on the development of LPR. Corpus dominant gastritis may have a protective role against the development of LPR. Proton pump inhibitor therapy is less effective in patients with LPR.

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