The original PDF version of this article unfortunately contains error introduced during the production process. The Publisher apologizes for this error.The fifth paragraph under "Conclusions and suggestions" section was not properly formatted. The correct paragraph is now given below.The results of the implementation of this model have showed that the product recycling among four GSCM practices is in the first priority. Moreover, the product disassembly manual has the greatest importance among all 22 GSCM practices indictors. To avoid the misinterpretation dimension of the product recycling as its' criterion, the product disassembly manual, the product recycling initiatives is related to the disposal stage, while the product disassembly manual refers to the consumers education about the recycling and recovery options available to them, and explaining that they must not dispose the products together with their general trash. To facilitate an end-of-life disassembly, the product disassembly manuals need to be carried out as a reference for disassembly workers to implement the non-destructive detachment of components or modules and acquire the recovery of original functionality in order to contribute to the environmental benefit [6, 46]. In order for Saipa Company and similarly for Iranian automobile companies, to improve GSCM practices by considering the product disassembly manual as the most influential indicator from experts' point of view, it is recommended to set Journal of Remanufacturing (2018) 8:175-176 https://doi

Sensors are commonly employed to monitor products during their life cycles and to remotely and continuously track their usage patterns. Installing sensors into products can help generate useful data related to the conditions of products and their components, and this information can subsequently be used to inform EOL decision-making. As such, embedded sensors can enhance the performance of EOL product processing operations. The information collected by the sensors can also be used to estimate and predict product failures, thereby helping to improve maintenance operations. This paper describes a study in which system maintenance and EOL processes were combined and closed-loop supply chain systems were constructed to analyze the financial contribution that sensors can make to these procedures by using discrete event simulation to model and compare regular systems and sensor-embedded systems. The factors that had an impact on the performance measures, such as disassembly cost, maintenance cost, inspection cost, sales revenues, and profitability, were determined and a design of experiments study was carried out. The experiment results were compared, and pairwise t-tests were executed. The results reveal that sensor-embedded systems are significantly superior to regular systems in terms of the identified performance measures.

This paper investigates and compares the benefits of sensor embedded cell phones (SECPs) over conventional cell phones (CCPs) in product recovery. Sensors embedded into cell phones during the production process are important data acquisition tools for condition monitoring during the product life cycle. SECPs provide reduction in the costs of disassembly, inspection, inventory, and stock-outs. With the data captured from sensors, the recovery system is able to detect failed or missing components in SECP before disassembling it. In addition, the captured data can be used to estimate the remaining lives of components and cell phones. In order to ascertain the impact of sensors on the performance of processes involving disassembly and remanufacturing, two separate and detailed discrete event simulation case studies with experiments based on orthogonal arrays (OAs) are carried out for the CCPs and the SECPs. The results are then compared for the two cases. Results confirm that sensors are greatly beneficial in reducing the processing costs. The paper concludes by determining the extent of the benefit of using sensors which provide an upper limit of the cost of the sensors for the SECPs to remain viable.

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This chapter presents a methodology to evaluate the benefit of using sensors in closed-loop supply chains. Sensors can be embedded into products to collect helpful information during their use and end-of-life (EOL) phases. This information can subsequently be employed to estimate the remaining lives of components and products and to ensure that proper maintenance is provided to avoid premature failures. The information is also useful in determining the quality of the components and products when planning EOL operations such as disassembly, inspection, and remanufacturing. To statistically illustrate these benefits, discrete event simulation is employed to a case study consisting of regular and sensor-embedded refrigerator systems. A design of experiments study is then employed where experiments are run to compare the two systems. The results reveal that the sensor-embedded systems perform much better than the regular systems in terms of disassembly costs, inspection costs, and EOL profits generated by selling the remanufactured products and components.