Withanolides are a branch of alkaloids, which reported many remedial uses. Withanolides mainly exist in 58 species of solanaceous plants which belong to 22 generous. In this review, the phyochemistry, structure and synthesis of withanolieds are described. Withania coagulans Dunal belonging to the family Solanaceae is a small bush which is widely spread in south Asia. In this paper the biological activities of withanolieds from Withania coagulans described. Anti-inflammatory effect, anti cancer and alzheimer's disease and their mechanisms, antihyperglycaemic, hypercholesterolemic, antifungal, antibacterial, cardiovascular effects and another activity are defined. This review described 76 compounds and structures of Withania coagulans.

The methods using plants for biomonitoring of air and soil quality are simple, cheap, and fast and can supplement the classical physicochemical methods. In this study, biological pollen characterization of some collected legume species from an aluminum smelter area in Iran (IRALCO) was carried out to determine the actual value of pollen as a bioindicator of the effects of soil and atmospheric pollution. Young buds and flowers of six legumes (Cercis siliquastrum L., Medicago sativa L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) lam, Trifolium repens L., and Sophora alopecuroides L.) in polluted and control plants were removed and compared. Studies of light and electron microscopic preparation showed some abnormalities during pollen development in affect of fluoride pollution. The viability of pollen grains estimated by staining with acetocarmine shows sharp differences in smearing advanced pollen grains from abnormal ones. Except M. officinalis, the pollen grains of C. siliquastrum, M. sativa, R. pseudoacacia, T. repens, and S. alopecuroides in polluted areas showed light, partial, or no staining with acetocarmine, whereas almost all of the control ones clearly stained. Observation of the pollen grains by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed the significant effect of fluoride on shapes and sizes of pollen grains. The stimulation and inhibition of these pollen characteristics depend on the pollen species as well as on the pollutant and its concentration. Therefore, pollen grains provide essential information on biological impact of pollutants and they are good candidates for biomonitoring the atmospheric and edaphic pollutions.

The effects of fluoride (Fl) emission, from an aluminum (Al) reduction plant in Iran, on the concentration of Fl in six legume species were studied. In addition, the influence of Fl on leaf flavonoids was investigated. Determination of Fl in collected plants (Alhagi camelorum Fisch., Cercis siliquastrum L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Medicago sativa L., Robinia peseudoacacia L., and Sophora alopecuroides L.) from the factory area was performed using a Fl ion-selective electrode. Identification of flavonoids in the samples was obtained by two-dimensional paper chromatography (2-D PC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Controls were obtained from plants located 10 km distance from the factory. Results showed high Fl concentration in all polluted samples. Phytochemical changes in polluted leaves were observed with appearance or disappearance of some flavonoids.

Noori M, Jafari M, Azimi H, Node-Farahani M. 2019. Effects of Ruta graveolens total and flavonoids extracts on rat blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and urea comparing synthetic drugs. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 23-29. Rue (Ruta graveolens L.: Rutaceae) is a medicinal plant that is used to treat many diseases in America, Asia and Europe due to its pharmaceutical properties. So far more than 120 different phytochemicals such as flavonoids have been extracted and identified from the species, which make it valuable in traditional medicine and manufacturing of synthetic drugs. Due to its endemic and high potential pharmacological effects, this study examined the oral effect of each of its total, flavonoids and non-flavonoids extracts on reducing blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and urea in STZ-diabetic rats comparing to control and Atorvastatin, Allopurinol, Metformin as synthetic drugs. Aerial part of the plant was collected from around Yazd, Iran and dried in shade, crushed and extracted in 70% ethanol in three steps. Total and flavonoid extracts were prepared after rotary evaporation, then were used for making required doses after calculation. The plant flavonoids were identified using two-dimensional, thin-layer chromatography and TLC Scanner3 methods. Atorvastatin, Allopurinol and Metformin were obtained and also appropriate doses were prepared. Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats were divided in 12 groups (n=3): control, synthetic drugs control, total and flavonoids control, STZ-diabetic control, diabetic treated with synthetic drugs, total and flavonoids extracts, then weighed. All rats were treated orally at a specific time for 2 weeks. Subsequently, the secondary rat weights were determined and blood donation was performed after anesthesia. Then, blood serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and urea were determined by spectrophotometry using commercial enzymatic chlorometric assay kits. All data were analyzed using EXCEL and SPSS software. Results showed aerial part of R. graveolens contains flavones C and C-/O glycosides, flavonoid sulphates and had no aglycones. Apigenin, chrycin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, rutin and vitexin were found in the species aerial part. This plant had 329/99 gr/kgDW of effective material and 257.7 g/kgDW of flavonoids. The lowest blood glucose levels were observed in treated Metformin and flavonoids control rats respectively. Diabetic rats treated with R. graveolens total extract had the lowest blood cholesterol, urea and glucose levels. The highest renal damage was observed in control diabetic rats and the least renal damage was observed in the STZ-diabetic rats treated with the plant total extract. These results indicate that R. graveolens extract and its rutin contained antihyperglycemia, antihyperlipidemia, insulinity and protective properties.