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Objectives Different physical activities can play an important role in improving health and cardiovascular fitness. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval aerobic training on certain cardiovascular risk factors in overweight elderly men. Methods & MaterialsIn this semi-experimental study, 24 overweight elderly men were selected by convenience sampling. They were then randomly assigned into two groups based on their body mass index (BMI). The age range in the experimental group was 73.50±3.34 years (n=12) and that in control group was 71.33±3.44 years (n=12). The experimental group underwent high-intensity interval aerobic training that included 3 sessions (each of 45-60 minutes) a week for eight weeks. The control group was given no intervention. Blood samples of all the subjects were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. All tests were two-tailed, and P<0.05 was considered significant. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 16.0, SPSS). For comparison of means within and between the groups, paired and independent t-tests were used, respectively. Results The weight, BMI, and body fat percentage were found to have significantly decreased in overweight men after high-intensity interval aerobic training (P<0.05). Moreover, the levels of serum endothelin-1 reduced significantly after eight weeks of aerobic training. However, the levels of nitric oxide increased significantly at the end of the training period. Conclusion This result suggests that eight weeks of high-intensity interval aerobic training led to decreased endothelin-1 serum and increased nitric oxide levels. This is effective in improving cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is suggested that high-intensity interval aerobic training be used to prevent the adverse effects of an increased incidence of atherosclerosis.

Aims: Physical activities, as well as diet, are known as the truest scientific methods to reduce the signs of the cardio-vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week aerobic trainings and green tea supplementation on some of the cardio-vascular risk factors in the obese inactive women. Materials & Methods: In the semi-experimental study, 40 obese inactive women, who were residents of Mashhad Township, were studied in 2015. The subjects, selected via purposeful available sampling method, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 per group). The groups were green tea, aerobic training, aerobic training and green tea supplementation, and control groups. 8week training program consisted of three 45-to 60-minute sessions per week. Green tea was consumed by green tea group three times a day after each meal. The composed group underwent both interventions, while control group underwent no intervention. Data was analyzed by SPSS 15 software using correlated T test and one-way ANOVA. Findings: Mean total cholesterol level was significantly changed in green tea, aerobic training, and composed groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). Mean triglyceride level was significantly changed in green tea and aerobic training groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). Mean low density lipoprotein was significantly changed in green tea and composed groups in the posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). Mean high-density lipoprotein was significantly changed only in aerobic group in posttest stage compared to the pretest stage (p<0.05). In addition, mean concentration of C-reactive protein was significantly reduced in aerobic training (p=0.01) and composed (p=0.04) groups. Conclusion: 8 weeks aerobic training, green tea consumption, and their composition reduce the cardiovascular risk factors in inactive obese women in a relatively similar manner.

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Las citocinas como la interleucina-12 (IL-12) y la interleucina-17 (IL-17) influyen en la función del sistema inmune y los diferentes tejidos, siendo estudiadas debido al papel que desempeñan en la Esclerosis Múltiple (EM). El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de la terapia acuática en la IL-12 y la IL-17 en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple. Participaron 25 hombres con esclerosis múltiple, los cuales fueron divididos en dos grupos: ejercicio y control. Se tomó una muestra de sangre antes y después de la intervención. El grupo de ejercicio llevó a cabo tres sesiones por semana durante ocho semanas. Las partes inicial y final de cada sesión incluyeron calentamiento y vuelta a la calma, llevadas a cabo en zonas poco profundas. Las actividades fueron diseñadas y llevadas a cabo por un investigador bajo la supervisión de un fisiólogo deportivo y un neurólogo experimentado. Durante las sesiones de entrenamiento, se dedicaban los primeros 10 minutos al calentamiento y los últimos 5 minutos a la vuelta a la calma. La intensidad del ejercicio fue aproximadamente del 75% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima. Los datos demostraron que tanto IL-12 como IL-17 disminuyeron significativamente entre el pre-test y el post-test. Por tanto, se concluye que la terapia acuática puede reducir los factores de riesgo con respecto a la esclerosis múltiple, incluidas la IL-12 y la IL-17. Cytokines such as Interleukin 12 (IL-12) and Interleukin 17(IL-17) influence the function of the immune system and different tissues and are studied due to the role they play in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of aqua-therapy on plasma IL-12 and IL-17 in patients with MS. 25 men with MS were divided into two groups: exercise and control. Blood sample was taken before and after the intervention protocol. The exercise group carried out three exercise sessions per week during eight weeks. The beginning and final parts of each session included warming up and cool down, and were carried out in shallow areas. These activities were designed and implemented by a researcher under the supervision of a sports physiologist and an experienced neurologist. During the training sessions, the first 10 minutes were for warming up, and the last 5 minutes of training were for cool down. Exercise intensity was approximately 75% of heart rate reserve. The data demonstrated that both IL-12 and IL-17 decreased significantly from pre-test to post-test in the exercise group. We conclude that aqua-training may reduce risk factors regarding multiple sclerosis, including IL-12 and IL-17.