This study deals with the modeling of the energy consumption in Iran to forecast future projections based on socioeconomic and demographic variables (GDP, population, import and export amounts, and employment) using the cuckoo optimization algorithm. For this purpose, four diverse models including different indicators were used in the analyses. Linear and power forms of equations are developed for each model. The related data between 1972 and 2013 were used, partly for installing the models. The result of the models shows that the obtained demand estimation linear models are in closer agreement with the observed data, particularly the linear model with five independent variables including GDP, population, import, export, and employment, which outperformed other linear models. Finally, the future energy demand of Iran is forecasted up to the year 2030 using these models under three scenarios.

In this paper, we develop a function of inflation, unemployment, liquidity and real effective exchange rate by applying Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). We employ the aforementioned methods to derive the so-called Phillips curve. For the empirical objective, our primary purpose is explicitly to compare two types of the Phillips curve models obtained by ANN and the econometric methods, ARDL. Then we can check the behavior of the Phillips curve in Iran. We demonstrate that the Phillips curve for the empirical data in Iran differs slightly across ANN than econometric methods. In other words, according to the structure of Iran's economy, the ANN technique outshines the other one in terms of goodness of fit and prognosis capability. Finally, under two scenarios inflation would be forecasted in Iran up to 2025. Our findings point out that the trend of price changes in Iran would have an increasing trend in the considered period.

In this paper, we develop a function of population, GDP, import, and export by applying a hybrid bat algorithm (BAT) and artificial neural network (ANN). We apply these methods to forecast oil consumption in Iran. For this purpose, an improved artificial neural network (ANN) structure, which is optimized by the BAT is proposed. The variables between 1980 and 2017 were used, partly for installing and testing the method. This method would be helpful in forecasting oil consumption and would provide a level playing field for checking the energy policy authority impacts on the structure of the energy sector in an economy such as Iran with high economic interventionism by the government. The result of the model shows that the findings are in close agreement with the observed data, and the performance of the method was excellent. We demonstrate that its efficiency could be a helpful and reliable tool for monitoring oil consumption.