Objectives Orthodontic patients around the world had to miss appointments during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant problem with this virus is its high transmission power. Asymptomatic patients can transmit the virus. This aim of this review is to examine orthodontic emergency situations and the necessary strategies and measures for emergency and non-emergency during the coronavirus pandemic. Methods The following databases were comprehensively searched: PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Up-to-date data released by major health organizations such as WHO and major orthodontic associations involved in the pandemic were also evaluated. Results Few studies are conducted on how to manage orthodontic offices or clinics during the pandemic and mostly are not of high quality. Appropriate communication is the most important issue in managing orthodontic patients, particularly virtual counseling. Many cases of orthodontic emergencies can be managed in this way by patients themselves. Most studies recommend using the FFP2 masks, equivalent to N95 masks for non-COVID-19 cases undergoing aerosol-generating procedures and all suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases in orthodontic visits. Conclusions At this time, there are no definitive clinical protocols supported by robust evidence for orthodontic practice during COVID-19 pandemic. Orthodontists should not rush to return to routine orthodontic work and should follow state guidelines. Non-emergency orthodontic visits should be suspended during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in high-risk areas. Resuming orthodontic procedures during the pandemic requires paying special attention to screening, performing maximum efforts to reduce aerosol, appropriate PPE, proper ventilation, and full adherence to sterilization and disinfection principles.

No abstract

Background: Clinical education calls for the interaction between the patient and the medical learner and considering the significance of the patients’ satisfaction and its role in clinical education to learners. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate patients’ attitudes and feelings toward the presence of medical students in educational clinics. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 274 patients visiting the clinics in 2018, who were selected by the convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the questionnaire of Izadi et al in two parts and then analyzed by SPSS 16. Results: The results showed that the total score of patients’ attitudes toward the presence of the students was 66.3, which was above the expected average score (i.e., 3). In addition, the total score of patients’ feelings toward the presence of the students was 67.3, which was above the expected average score (i.e., 3). Moreover, the average score of female patients’ feelings toward the presence of the students was significantly lower than that of male patients (P<0.05). Eventually, individuals with education levels below diploma and above bachelors were the most and least comfortable about the presence of the students (P<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, patients had a positive feeling and attitude toward the presence of the students in the clinics. These factors need to receive more attention to increase the satisfaction and quality of clinical education.

No abstract

Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic widely used in outpatient and short-duration surgeries for rapid recovery. Pain during injection may cause discomfort in some patients. Several medications have been suggested that reduce the severity of pain during propofol injection. The present study aimed to compare the effect of intravenous injection of paracetamol, dexamethasone, pethidine, lidocaine, and ketamine on propofol post-injection pain in patients undergoing elective surgery, following a doubleblind randomized clinical trial on 306 patients aged from 18 to 65 who were candidates for elective surgery. Patients were divided into six groups each group consisted of 51 individuals. Mean age of participants in this study was 31.9 ± 9.5 out of which 209 (68.3%) were males and 97 (31.7%) were females. Lidocaine and paracetamol revealed the highest pain-free parameters among other groups. Pain severity was also less in lidocaine and dexamethasone groups than other groups. Finally, lidocaine was seen to be the most eff icacious analgesic in reducing pain from propofol injection and could be safely advised for propofol-induced pain relieve. AbstractIntroduction: