Introduction:Bladder tumors are common and the only way to prove it is cystoscopy which is invasive and expensive. Finding noninvasive, well-accepted, and cost-effective method for early detection of bladder cancer is necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and evaluation of bladder tumors.Methods:This study was conducted on 75 patients with indications for cystoscopy. After recording demographic data, ultrasound, and cystoscopy was performed for all patients. Sensitivity and specificity of sonography in the diagnosis of bladder tumors were measured.Results:The most common form of bladder in ultrasound was papillary tumors (86%) and the lowest was related to cystic mass (4%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of sonography for the diagnosis of bladder tumors were 93.24%, 100%, 100%, and 16.66%, respectively.Conclusion:The results of our study showed that ultrasonography has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of bladder cancer and since that ultrasound is a noninvasive, well-accepted, and cost-effective diagnostic technique, ultrasound can be performed in suspected patients in the first stage.

Nowadays, as the population of urban areas increases, the need for consumption increases as well. This amount of consumption requires power generation centers with large volumes exploiting that it needs to be big enough, which guides technology towards bulk power transmission systems. In doing so, two types of power transmission systems, including HVDC and EHVAC, can be studied. However, since none of the above technologies has been used in developing countries, a decision should be made to introduce and develop any of these technologies. Applying both technologies together would not be cost-effective. A decision-making development needs the principles of conflicting purposes for alternatives and the selection of the best choice based on the needs of decision-makers. Multi-objective optimization methods may well provide a solution for this selection. Thus, this paper studies deciding on the introduction and Development of HVDC and EHVAC in a developing country, Iran. To this end, measures of this selection are described in detail, and then, AHP, one of the well-known MCDM method, is used to make the final decision.