This study aims to detect aflatoxins (AFs) in dairy cow feed, milk and milk products using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method. All the validation parameters met the method performance criteria of the European Union. The samples comprised 76 dairy cow feeds and 205 milk and milk products (including yoghurt and yoghurt-based beverage, ayran). AFs were present in 26.3% of the feed samples. Two feed samples exceeded the maximum limit (ML) of 5 µg kg(-1) for AFB1 as established by the EU. Nineteen milk samples (21.1%) contained aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) of which three exceeded the EU ML of 0.05 µg l(-1). In addition, only two yoghurt samples and one ayran sample contained AFM1, but the levels were lower than the EU ML.
The aims of this research were to examine the effect of pH on extraction of proteins from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) kernels, and to investigate the functional properties of the resulting protein concentrate. The optimum pH values for the protein extraction and isoelectric precipitation were determined as 10.0 and 4.5, respectively. The protein concentrate contained 4.03 ± 0.16% moisture, 3.31 ± 0.17% ash, 2.94 ± 0.36% carbohydrate, 1.93 ± 0.16% lipid, and 80.48 ± 2.38% protein. Water holding capacity, oil holding capacity and the least gelling concentration of the protein concentrate were 2.42 ± 0.09 g water/g, 1.73 ± 0.17 g oil/g and 8%, respectively. Results showed that emulsifying activity and stability indices, foaming capacity and stability of protein concentrate were 38.91 ± 2.50 m 2 /g, 37.49 ± 2.41 min, 35.00 ± 3.54% and 71.80 ± 7.25% (after 30 min), respectively. The functional and chemical properties of the protein concentrate indicate that it may find application as functional ingredient for various food products.
The aims of this research were to examine the effect of pH on extraction of proteins from mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.) kernels, and to investigate the functional properties of resulting protein concentrate. The optimum pH values for the protein extraction and precipitation were determined as 10.0 and 4.5, respectively. The protein concentrate containing 92.73% dry matter, 6.29% ash, 6.02% carbohydrate, 1.42% fat and 73.11% protein was produced by using these extraction and precipitation pH values. Water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity and the least gelling concentration of the protein concentrate were 2.81 g water/g, 1.66 g oil/g and 12%, respectively. Moreover, emulsifying activity and stability indices, foaming capacity and stability of protein concentrate were 27.21 m2/g, 81.05 min, 43.75% and 71.33% (after 30 min), respectively. The functional and chemical properties of the protein concentrate indicate that it may find application as functional ingredient for various food products.
Osmanlı devletinde XVI. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren klasik dönem koşullarının yaratmış olduğu örgütsel uzlaşma düzeninin bozulmaya başlaması ve özellikle de XVII. yüzyılda uzun süren savaşlar sonucunda devletin malî açıklar vermesi, iltizâm sistemini yeniden örgütlenmeye yöneltmiştir. Bu bağlamda iltizâm sisteminin uygulama alanının daha geniş bir sahaya yayılmasının, klasik taşra yönetimin idarî ve malî niteliklerinin değişim ve dönüşüm süreci üzerinde etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Bu süreçte Midilli sancağında da sancak beylerine tahsis edilen hâslar ile havâss-ı hümâyûn"a ait yerlerin içinde kalan gelir kaynakları, malikâne uygulamasının içine alınarak, iltizâm sistemi içerisinde yeni bir uygulama olan malikâne yöntemi ile taliplerine verilmek üzere müzâyedeye çıkarılmıştır. Midilli sancağı ve tevâbi" kazâlarında malikâne uygulamasına konu olan mukâta"a ve maktû" alanlarındaki vergi türleri ve bunları deruhde edenlerin kurdukları ortaklıklar, mu"accele ve mâl bedelleri mukâta"a defterlerinden çıkarılan veriler kapsamında değerlendirildiğinde, yıllık geliri yüksek olan vergi gruplarının genellikle üretim ve ticarete dayalı vergiler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca mukâta"a ve maktû"lardan elde edilen gelirlerden bir bölümünün de adada bulunan yeniçerilerin maaşları için ocaklık olarak ayrıldıkları görülmüştür.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.