Background Tofacitinib is a partially selective Janus kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of refractory moderate to severe ulcerative colitis [UC]. We sought to define the effectiveness and adverse effects of tofacitinib in a real-world cohort. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of 134 patients with UC [64% male; median age 37 years [range 16–81]; 83% of patients had previously received at least one biologic] treated with tofacitinib from October 2018 to October 2019 in four UK centres. Disease activity was assessed using the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index [SCCAI] or partial Mayo score [PMS], depending on study site. Response and remission were defined as a reduction in SCCAI or PMS of ≥3and SCCAI ≤2 or a PMS ≤1, respectively. Results Overall, 74% (88/119; 95 confidence interval [CI] 65–81%] patients responded to tofacitinib at Week 8 and steroid-free remission was observed in 44% [47/108; 95% CI 3453%] patients at Week 26. Primary non-response was independently associated with younger age [p = 0.014] and higher C-reactive protein [CRP] levels at baseline [p = 0.004]. Only 23% [3/13] of patients who continued tofacitinib in the setting of primary non-response were in steroid-free remission at Week 26. Prior biologic exposure did not influence response or remission rates. Dose escalation, however, recaptured response in approximately half of patients who had lost response. Dyslipidaemia was observed in 20% [27/134; 95% CI 1428%] of patients, but adverse events necessitating drug withdrawal were uncommon and no venous thromboembolic events occurred. Conclusions In this multicentre real-world cohort, tofacitinib was well tolerated and clinically effective in a treatment-refractory UC population.

Background:Negative symptoms in schizophrenia are heterogeneous and multidimensional; effective treatments are lacking. Cariprazine, a dopamine D3-preferring D3/D2 receptor partial agonist and serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist, was significantly more effective than risperidone in treating negative symptoms in a prospectively designed trial in patients with schizophrenia and persistent, predominant negative symptoms.Methods:Using post hoc analyses, we evaluated change from baseline at week 26 in individual items of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and PANSS-derived factor models using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures (MMRM) in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population (cariprazine = 227; risperidone = 227).Results:Change from baseline was significantly different in favor of cariprazine versus risperidone on PANSS items N1-N5 (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, poor rapport, passive/apathetic social withdrawal, difficulty in abstract thinking) (P <.05), but not on N6 (lack of spontaneity/flow of conversation) or N7 (stereotyped thinking). On all PANSS-derived negative symptom factor models evaluated (PANSS-Factor Score for Negative Symptoms, Liemburg factors, Khan factors, Pentagonal Structure Model Negative Symptom factor), statistically significant improvement was demonstrated for cariprazine versus risperidone (P <.01). Small and similar changes in positive/depressive/EPS symptoms suggested that negative symptom improvement was not pseudospecific. Change from baseline was significantly different for cariprazine versus risperidone on PANSS-based factors evaluating other relevant symptom domains (disorganized thoughts, prosocial function, cognition; P <.05).Conclusions:Since items representing different negative symptom dimensions may represent different fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms, significant improvement versus risperidone on most PANSS Negative Subscale items and across all PANSS-derived factors suggests broad-spectrum efficacy for cariprazine in treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Although currently approved antipsychotics exert efficacy on positive symptoms of schizophrenia, treatments for negative symptoms remain a major unmet need. Post hoc analyses were used to investigate the possible efficacy of cariprazine in patients with moderate/severe negative symptoms of schizophrenia and no predominance of positive symptoms. Data were pooled from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled cariprazine studies in patients with acute schizophrenia (NCT00694707, NCT01104766). Analyses included data from a subset of patients with a Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale factor score for negative symptoms (PANSS-FSNS) ≥24, PANSS factor score for positive symptoms (PANSS-FSPS) ≤19, and scores of ≥4 on ≥2 of 3 PANSS items (blunted affect [N1], passive/apathetic social withdrawal [N4], lack of spontaneity/flow of conversation [N6]). Changes from baseline to week 6 in PANSS-FSNS were evaluated in the following treatment groups: placebo (n = 79), cariprazine 1.5-3 (n = 94) and 4.5-6 mg/d (n = 66), risperidone 4 mg/d (n = 34), or aripiprazole 10 mg/d (n = 44). Significant differences were observed versus placebo for cariprazine (1.5-3 mg/d, P = .0179; 4.5-6 mg/d, P = .0002) and risperidone (P = .0149), but not aripiprazole (P = .3265), and versus aripiprazole for cariprazine 4.5-6 mg/d (P = .0197). After adjusting for positive symptom changes, differences versus placebo remained statistically significant for cariprazine (1.5-3 mg/d, P = .0322; 4.5-6 mg/d, P = .0038) but not for risperidone (P = .2204). PANSS-FSNS response (≥20% reduction from baseline) rates were significantly higher with cariprazine (1.5-3 mg/d = 54.3%, P = .0194; 4.5-6 mg/d = 69.7%, P = .0001) than placebo (35.4%). In patients with acute schizophrenia and moderate/severe negative symptoms, cariprazine was associated with significantly greater improvement in negative symptoms compared with placebo and aripiprazole, warranting further exploration of the efficacy of cariprazine on negative symptoms.

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The latest state of the art technological innovations have led to a palpable progression in endoscopic imaging and may facilitate standardisation of practice. One of the most rapidly evolving modalities is artificial intelligence with recent studies providing real-time diagnoses and encouraging results in the first randomised trials to conventional endoscopic imaging. Advances in functional hypoxia imaging offer novel opportunities to be used to detect neoplasia and the assessment of colitis. Three-dimensional volumetric imaging provides spatial information and has shown promise in the increased detection of small polyps. Studies to date of self-propelling colonoscopes demonstrate an increased caecal intubation rate and possibly offer patients a more comfortable procedure. Further development in robotic technology has introduced ex vivo automated locomotor upper gastrointestinal and small bowel capsule devices. Eye-tracking has the potential to revolutionise endoscopic training through the identification of differences in experts and non-expert endoscopist as trainable parameters. In this review, we discuss the latest innovations of all these technologies and provide perspective into the exciting future of diagnostic luminal endoscopy.