Patellofemoral pain syndrome is characterized by severe pain around the knee cap during physical activities. Many researches have been done to describe the causes of PFP and it is found that it is multifactorial in nature. It is suggested that Patellofemoral pain can persist for many years and can cause decline in sports participation.  Muscular  imbalance and  over activity are major  causes of knee pain in Sports related PFP .Multiple management strategies are used in the intervention protocol of PFP  however, more research is required to find potential causes of knee pain and its management in sport sciences. Objective: The aim of this study is to find out prevalence of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome among Sports Sciences students in Lahore. Methods: This is an observational study; cross sectional survey with 306 estimated sample size 288 participants were respondents but remaining 18 were non respondents  and data  is collected from  students of sports sciences department in mentioned universities using  Kujala Scoring questionnaire. Data is entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: The results shows that age of participants were between 19 to 25 years. Number of male(62.15%)  participants were more than female(37.85%) participants .prevalence of PFP among sports sciences students is 63.54%(  N=183)  with  mild or no symptoms of anterior knee pain, 26.74%(N=77) with  moderate symptoms and  9.72% (N=28)  with severe symptoms of Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Conclusion: According to the results we concluded that there are mild or no symptoms of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome in 63.54 % Sports Sciences Students in Lahore,26.74 % Sport Sciences Students have moderate symptoms of Anterior Knee joint Pain and  9.72% Sports Sciences Students have severe Symptoms Of  Patellofemoral  Pain Syndrome

Background: The overall incidence of cervical pain in makeup artists is well known. In our study we attempted to work on the prevalence of cervical pain among make-up artist and hair dressers due to prolong consecutive working hours and awkward body posture. Purpose: The sole purpose of this research was to find the prevalence of cervical pain among make-up artist and hair dressers while performing their make-up and hair cutting for consecutive long working hours. Method.It was a cross-sectional study design. 150 participants were taken and it includes makeup artists, hair dressers.Non-probability Convenient Sampling technique was used and the main target population age lies between 25-40 years.The inclusion criteria were25-40 years age,both genders are included, more than 8-9 consecutive working hours in salon, static posture for long period of time and use of Dominant hand. The Exclusion criteria wastraumatic injury to cervical, Fracture, Tumors,Cervical spondylosis, Recent surgery,Cervical rib, working hours less than inclusion criteria. Results: Out of 150 workers 37.33% of workers were suffering from mild cervical pain, 22% of workers had moderate pain and 0.67% of workers were suffering from very severe pain. In 40% of individuals sleep was occasionally disturbed and 38.6% of workers reported of experiencing numbness in arms. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that make-up artist and hairdressers have cervical pain and numbness in arms due to prolong working hours which ultimately affect their ergonomics and posture of neck and body. These consecutive long working hours and use of dominant hand cause strain in cervical muscles which alsolimit the neck movements. Keywords: Cervical pain, Incidence, Ergonomics, Mechanics, Salon workers, Prevalence.

Aim: To determine the effects of Muscle energy technique with and without Bowen therapy on pain, function, range of movement, and posture in Text neck syndrome. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted in Fatima Hospital Sargodha. A total of 22 patients with text neck syndrome were included and randomly allocated to two groups. Assessment of pain, function, Cervical ROM, Craniovertebral angle, and Rounded shoulder angle was taken using a Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), Neck disability index (NDI), Goniometer, and photogrammetry. Group A received treatment with hot packs and METs. Group B received a hot pack, Muscle energy technique (METs) and Bowen therapy. A total of 18 sessions were given in 6 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Both groups were reassessed after 3 weeks and 6 weeks of treatment with follow-up after 3 weeks of treatment completion. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 21. Results: Findings revealed that a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed for both within a group and between-group analysis in NPRS, NDI, cervical range of motion (CROM), Craniovertebral angle (CVA), and Rounded shoulder angle (RSA). However, the Bowen group showed more improvement in terms of all outcome measures based on their mean differences. Conclusion: The combination of METs and Bowen therapy was more effective in decreasing pain, improving movement, regaining functional status, and correcting posture in individuals with Text neck syndrome rather than using METs alone. Keywords: Text neck, Muscle energy technique, Bowen technique, Pain, Range of motion

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of steroid therapy with and without physiotherapy for the management of lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow).Methodology: Patients, who fulfil the inclusion criteria of selection were admitted to study in the Department of Physiotherapy PSRD, Lahore. Each patient received an informed consent. Demographic data including name, age, sex, height and weight were noted. Participating individuals were randomly allocated into two groups by lottery method. Patients of group A were treated by steroidal therapy without physiotherapy manoeuvres and the individuals of group B were treated by combination of steroidal therapy and physiotherapy. The follow-up was carried out for up to 4 weeks.All the information has been collected with pre-defined preforms.Data was interpreted and analysed through SPSS version 22.0.Results: The overall mean age of cases was 38.90±6.97 years and 42.07±7.03 years. There were 38(63.33%) male and 22(36.67%) female in this study. Before treatment the mean pain of participating individuals of group-A and in group-B was 7.40±1.45 and 7.63±1.27 with insignificant difference. After treatment the mean pain in group-A and group-B was 3.40±1.73 and 2.53±1.57 with significantly lower pain in group-B, p-value < 0.05. When we compared mean pain before and after injection was significantly improved in both groups but the improvement was higher in group-B. The mean pain difference in group-A and group-B was 3.77±2.18 and 4.90±1.83 with higher improvement in group-A, p-value < 0.05. Conclusion:Results of study concludesteroid injection with addition to physiotherapy was more effective in reducing pain.We must encourage orthopedic and physiotherapist teamwork to treat tennis elbow.

Background: Dietary assessment is one of the four major components of direct nutritional assessment. Several tools have been established for assessing the dietary intake of individuals as well as the communities. However, dietary intake is a complex exposure variable which is difficult to measure accurately. This study was conducted for needs assessment and suggestions of local dietary assessment tool users (clinical dietitians and researchers) regarding improvements in these tools. Methods: Semi structured interviews were used to conduct this study. A total of ten participants selected using purposive sampling technique were interviewed after which data saturation was reached. The analysis was performed through transcription, meaning condensation, and then establishing data driven themes and patterns. The data thus obtained was represented in tabular and narrative format. Results: Each interview took 45 minutes on average. Twenty Four Hour Recall (24HR) was the most commonly used tool of dietary assessment recorded in 13 out of 14 responses (92.8%) followed by Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) recorded in 10 out of 14 responses (71.4%). A total of six themes emerged for the gaps associated with the use of dietary assessment tools as perceived by interview respondents. Conclusion: Interview data collected from local nutrition and dietetic experts regarding perceived problems in dietary assessment showed that the dietary intake data can be subject to information bias which affects the overall quality of data set. There is a need to acknowledge these errors and find out localized solutions to reduce these errors for improving data quality. Keywords: Dietary assessment; nutritional status assessment; qualitative interviews, information bias