The high transaction costs due to the incomplete information and transaction rules of the rural collective construction land (RCCL) market indicate that the government must improve the rural collective construction land market. Transaction rules are an important means for the government to intervene in the market and promote the development of market order, to secure land tenure, and to improve the disclosure of information. Vertical integration may reduce enterprise transaction costs but will increase the governance cost of internal organizations in enterprises. Land commercialization and corporate governance restructuring is a considerable challenge worldwide. Using a field survey in Nanhai district, Guangdong province, China, we estimated how the transaction costs of the RCCL are influenced not only by three dimensions of transaction rules—openness, equity, and justice—but also by the human asset in EC or EJC. Tobit models were constructed, and the results show that (1) the greater number of collective leaders, the higher the enterprise transaction cost (human asset in EC or EJC increases transaction costs of enterprises) and (2) the transaction rules are not sufficiently open or fair, which leads to high costs of market information searching, opportunism, and corruption. The transaction information is not transparent and the lag in transaction supervision mode gives rise to unfair transactions, in which the formation mode of land price is unreasonable. Therefore, we suggest that the transaction rules of RCCL market should be further improved in the three dimensions of openness, equity, and justice. Chinese authorities should strengthen their current efforts to build a more open and fair market by reducing the transaction costs of enterprises and improving the transaction efficiency. Our work provides some insights into the improvement of market efficiency which will contribute to the development of the RCCL market in other areas of China and worldwide.

In order to enable urban economic development, the use of the right value and asset value of rural collective construction land (RCCL) is increasingly becoming apparent and this market is experiencing rapid development. However, the arrangement of the governance structure of rural shareholding cooperatives (RSCs) can seriously affect the efficiency of collective construction land market transactions, since the governance of RSCs is related to the interests of farmers. Protecting the rights and interests of farmers while improving the governance efficiency of RSCs is a considerable challenge worldwide. To better deal with this challenge, this study used a field survey in Nanhai District, Guangdong Province, China, to estimate how the governance structure of RSCs affect the efficiency of RCCL market transactions. Tobit models were constructed, and the results show that (1) most of the governance functions of RSCs were not separate from the administrative management of the village committees, which leads to low efficiency of RSCs’ governance; (2) leaders of rural collective economic organizations played a key role in governance efficiency; (3) from the perspective of collective land property rights, most village shareholders did not have decision-making power or supervisory authority in the RCCL transfers because they could not complete access to transaction information. Furthermore, most villagers felt that the amount of income distributed was unreasonable, and the rights and interests of farmers and village shareholders were not guaranteed by the RSCs. Therefore, we suggest that the Chinese authorities should strengthen their current efforts to construct a more open and fair governance structure of the RSCs and thus improve their market transaction efficiency. Our work provides some insights into ways to improve the governance structure and market transaction efficiency of RSCs, which can further contribute to the development of the RCCL market in other areas of China and worldwide.

The accuracy of drought monitoring models is crucial for drought monitoring and early warning. Random forest (RF) is being used widely in the field of artificial intelligence. Nonetheless, the application of a random forest model in grassland drought monitoring research is yet to be further explored. In this study, various drought hazard factors were integrated based on remote sensing data, including from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), as multisource remote sensing data. Based on the RF, a comprehensive grassland drought monitoring model was constructed and tested in Inner Mongolia, China, as an example. The critical issue addressed is the construction of a grassland drought disaster monitoring model based on meteorological data and multisource remote sensing data by using an RF model, and the verification of the accuracy and reliability of its monitoring results. The results show that the grassland drought monitoring model could quantitatively monitor the drought situation in Inner Mongolia grasslands. There was a significantly positive correlation between the drought indicators output by the model and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) measured in the field. The correlation coefficients (R) between the drought degree were 0.9706 and 0.6387 for the training set and test set, respectively. The consistent rate between the model drought index and the SPEI reached 87.90%. Drought events in Inner Mongolia were monitored from April to September in wet years, normal years, and dry years using the constructed model. The monitoring results of the model constructed in this study were in accordance with the actual drought conditions, reflecting the development and spatial evolution of drought conditions. This study provides a new application method for the comprehensive assessment of grassland drought.

Animal hoof horn has complex porous structure and rich keratin, crushed and sieved, adding 5% KOH in the quality of the hoof horn powder, and mixing at 1:5 ratio of solid to liquid, adding water at 121 °C, Hydrolysis at 2 atmospheric pressure for 5 hours, the horn powder was completely hydrolyzed into the hydrolysis products containing sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds, the hydrolysates of the powder were added into 50mg•L−1, 2.0mg•L−1 cadmium Ion solution, centrifuged for 17h and then centrifuged to detect the residual cadmium ions. The results showed that the best particle size was treated with 100 mesh fine mesh powder, the lowest residual Cd2+ concentration in the solution was over 75%, and the high concentration 50mg•L−1 was the best, the residual amount of Cd2+ was 14.887mg•L−1, the removal rate was 70.24%. The adsorption effect of the hydrolyzate of Hoof horn powder on cadmium ion solution with concentration of 2.0 mg•L−1 However, the effect was not significant. When the dosage reached 30ml, the residual amount of Cd2+ was reduced to 1.238mg•L−1 and the removal rate was 38.10%.

The artificial floating bed reduces the nitrogen, phosphorus and organic pollutants in the water by the absorption of the roots of the plants, thereby purifying the biological control of water quality. In this paper, by using four different concentrations of contaminated water samples, the static test of Ipomoea aquatica. was carried out on a floating bed. The growth characteristics and main water quality indexes of the plants were measured at intervals of 10 days. The experimental period was 60 days, and the amaranth was quantitatively analyzed. The purification law of TN in water samples with different concentrations was analyzed, and the dynamic changes of nutrients in different tested water samples were analyzed, and the purification equation was constructed. The results showed that the floating bed cultivation of leek can absorb, adsorb and degrade the nitrogen in the water sample, carry out metabolic activities, and synthesize the substances needed by itself, which is closely related to the growth, and the TN concentration and the growth time of the plant are significantly negative.