The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries have actively taken a direction to promote political initiatives to strengthen energy security. Major policy initiatives are programmes to increase domestic renewable energy production, improve energy efficiency and reduce CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. This paper aims to show how energy security indicators namely primary energy intensity (EI) of gross domestic product, primary energy dependence (PE), net import dependence (ID), supplier dependency (SD) vary in a range of energy security policies -renewable energy development, Energy Efficiency Reduction (EFF), and Greenhouse Gas Reduction (GHG). Furthermore, factors preventing the development of non-traditional and renewable sources of energy in countries of EAEU are considered. Mechanisms of solving existing contradictions are proposed. Particular attention is paid to the need to include environmental costs and pollution losses in economic analysis, which will improve the competitiveness of alternative energy sources. The necessity of accelerated development of alternative energy to increase energy supply, energy saving, energy and environmental security is shown.

The relationship between economic growth and renewable energy (RE) consumption has received enormous attention in the literature. However, there are diverse views about the Granger causality and nature of this relationship. The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate how RE consumption on electricity generation is affected by economic growth and electricity prices using data from 1990 to 2021 with the vector auto regression (VAR) approach. This is done by using case study countries (Turkey, and Kazakhstan), which have different levels of economic development, are located in diverse regions in the world, but with common effort of encouragement in term of policy implementations in RE use recently. Findings in this paper show RE consumption, for the period under consideration, is significantly determined by income and electricity price in the long run.

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