Purpose Exploring the status and related factors of postoperative recurrence of ovarian endometriosis. Methods This study analyzed the results of questionnaires conducted in 27 hospitals across the country from January 2019 to November 2021. All women were divided into recurrence group and non-recurrence group to analyze the recurrence rate and related factors after ovarian endometriosis surgery. Results The recurrence rates of ovarian endometriosis within 1 year, 1–2 years, 2–3 years, 3–4 years, 4–5 years and more than 5 years were 6.27%, 35.85%, 55.38%, 65.00% and 56.82%, respectively. Significant differences were found between two groups in terms of age at surgery (OR: 0.342, 95%CI: 0.244–0.481, P < 0.001), presence of dysmenorrhea (OR: 1.758, 95%CI: 1.337–2.312, P < 0.001), presence of adenomyosis (OR: 1.948, 95%CI: 1.417–2.678, P < 0.001) and family history of endometriosis or adenomyosis (OR: 1.678, 95%CI: 1.035–2.721, P = 0.021). The age at surgery (OR: 0.358, 95%CI: 0.253–0.506, P < 0.001), presence of dysmenorrhea (OR: 1.379, 95%CI: 1.026–1.853, P = 0.033) and presence of adenomyosis (OR: 1.799, 95%CI: 1.275–2.537, P = 0.001) were significantly associated with endometrioma recurrence in multivariate analysis. No significant associations were found between the recurrence rate and body mass index (BMI), educational background, age of menarche, gravida, parity, uterine leiomyoma, endometrial polyps or postoperative use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a). Conclusions Dysmenorrhea and presence of adenomyosis are independent risk factors for postoperative recurrence of ovarian endometriosis, and older age is an independent protective factor for postoperative recurrence.