Vitamins are essential for our daily life. Its shortage in our body can cause many disorders, decreased enzyme activities also affect the genetic factors. Vitamins should be supplied through the diet in the required amount. If it is not supplied properly, vitamin tablets will be prescribed. And also vitamin tablets are the co-medication for therapies such as anticancer, antitubercular, antiviral and anti-HIV treatments. Many newspapers reported that vitamin therapies are causing major health problems like nephro/urolithiasis, it can increase mortality rates in smokers by increasing the risk of lung cancer, it can cause abortion when it is taken during pregnancy. Thus here, we reviewed the adverse effects of vitamin therapy from various reported cases, books, instructions provided from various health organizations and also newspapers, and magazines. It can help health professionals to control and monitor the vitamin therapies and make awareness about the adverse effects and possible side effects of regular vitamin uptake to society.

OBJECTIVE: The study is to investigate the diuretic and antiurolithiatic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Annona squamosa Linn. in experimental animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For both studies, Wistar albino rats and two doses of extract (250 and 500 mg/kg) were used. Diuretic activity was evaluated by Lipschitz model. Urine volume and urine pH were noted, the concentration of sodium and potassium was estimated by flame photometry, and diuretic index, natriuretic index, and Lipschitz values were calculated from the results. Furosemide was used as a positive control. Ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis model was used for antiurolithiatic study. Urine volume, urine pH, body weight, and biochemical parameters such as calcium, urea, uric acid, and creatine both from serum and urine were estimated. Antioxidant parameters and histopathological analysis of the kidney were evaluated. Cystone was used as a positive control in this study. Results were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance, followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison tests. RESULTS: In both diuretic and antiurolithiatic studies, both doses of the extract showed efficacy, and the dose of 500 mg/kg has shown a significant effect compared to positive control and negative control. CONCLUSION: The dose of 500 mg/kg showed a promising diuretic and antiurolithiatic activity.

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Medicinal properties of curcumin are widely published. Previously researchers used curcuminoid mixture comprising three chemical forms out of which, the highest quantity is the most active molecule - dimethoxy curcumin (DMC). Reduced bioavailability, poor aqueous solubility and quick hydrolytic degradation of DMC have projected challenges limiting its therapeutic value. However, selective conjugation of DMC with human serum albumin (HSA) enhances drug stability and solubility by several folds. Studies using animal models demonstrated potential anti-cancer/anti-inflammatory effects of DMCHSA; both studies showed results of local administration in peritoneal cavity and rabbit knee joint. DMC has prospects as an intravenous therapeutic agent because carrier is HSA. However, before in vivo testing, important preclinical data required are toxicological safety and bioavailability of soluble forms of DMC. This study evaluated absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of DMCHSA. Imaging technology and molecular analysis proved bio-distribution. Study also assessed pharmacological safety of DMCHSA in mice in terms of its acute and sub-acute toxicity complying with regulatory toxicology. Overall, the study demonstrated safety pharmacology of DMCHSA upon intravenous infusion. This is a novel study establishing safety of highly soluble and stable formulation of DMCHSA qualifying it for intravenous administration and further efficacy evaluation in suitable disease models.