Tropospheric and lower-stratospheric motions at mesoscales and larger are a mixture of waves and two-dimensional (2-D) turbulence. Determining their relative importance is necessary, since waves are capable of coordinated systematic momentum transport accompanying the wave propagation, and associated wind forcing, in ways that 2-D turbulence is not. This can impact weather forecasting. Using a network of ten windprofiler radars in eastern Ontario and western Quebec in Canada, plus an additional one in the Arctic, the relative roles of internal gravity (buoyancy) waves and two-dimensional turbulence are examined at temporal scales from about 3-4 hrs to several tens of hours (horizontal spatial scales of typically one or two hundred kilometres to a few thousand kilometres), with the purpose of investigating the respective roles of these two distinct characteristic fluid motions as functions of location, season and year. The emphasis is on studies of spectral slope variability, rather than absolute spectral magnitudes, giving a perspective not previously substantially presented. In particular, we have found a frequency band in which gravity-wave Doppler shifting produces distinctly different spectral slopes than those predicted for 2-D turbulence, and these differences are employed to distinguish the flow fields. The network used (excluding the Arctic site) covers an area of ∼10 6 km 2 and includes a variety of different terrains. Radial velocities have been recorded on time scales of minutes for data lengths covering durations of up to 12 years. Altitude coverage is from 1 km to typically 14 km, at 500 m resolution. Results suggest a region from ∼2 to ∼5 km altitude (deeper for some radars) where waves are weaker and 2-D turbulence appears to be generally more significant, but where occasional bursts of gravity-wave activity can occur, while above typically 6-8 km, gravity waves increase in significance. There are distinct site-to-site variations.

Race and the Third Reich Oxford: Polity Press, 2005, £55.00 hbk, £16.99 pbk (ISBN: 0-7456-3177-0), 272 pp. ■ ■ Reviewed by Mel Wright, University of PlymouthChristopher Hutton's most recent publication critically addresses major questions relating to 'race' in Nazi Germany and places it 'within evolving intellectual and ideological landscapes'. He attempts to analyse various tensions, controversies, and uncertainties held by academic scientists by focusing on the central concept of Volk and synthesizing this with competing theories of German Identity. His intention is not to summarize the corpus of literature expounding on the institutional basis and implementation of the 'Final Solution' and crimes against humanity committed by the Nazi regime; instead, he focuses on continuities and discontinuities of what he calls the 'popular misleading views' of dynamic and contentious Nazi ideological systems of power.Hutton's thesis begins by exploring the development of the modern science of race which arose out of the Enlightenment, and how anthropology sought to measure the morphological and biological anatomy of the human body, with its particular emphasis on paleoanthropology (human origin and evolution). Two key 'time-placed' theorists are reviewed here: Carl von Linné who first placed Homo sapiens 'within a zoological order', and Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, the founder of physical anthropology, who classified humanity into five distinct races: Caucasian, Mongolian, Ethiopian, American and Malay.Using the French philosopher Michel Foucault's theory of 'power', Hutton suggests that racial disparity was figuratively organized as a product of modernity, and as such scientific and technocratic mastery were seen as 'involving the control and ultimate elimination of difference' as a flawed racist universalism. In modernity there was a sense of haste where old, traditional boundaries were disappearing. Traditional ecologies or natural orders, in which different racial and cultural variants of humanity had their own place, were breaking down. The 'essence of the past was being lost and a bastardized, mongrel and degraded humanity was emerging' in the modern Germanic civilization.During the Third Reich era, racial anthropology was marginalized in favour of the rising science of human genetics. Darwinism and neo-Darwinism provided a

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Calhoun, Rojek and Turner break new ground by bringing together European and American sociologists in their new book The SAGE Handbook of Sociology. They attempt to discuss globalization and shifting gender relations, reveal continuities amid a greatly evolving academic discipline, explore methodological innovations and highlight the internal diversity within contemporary multi-paradigmatic complexities of sociological theories and concepts.The Handbook is split into three parts. Part one entitled 'Theory and Method' illustrates five chapters which discuss various aspects of qualitative and quantitative research traditions. Chapter one: 'Qualitative Research Methods' (A.E. Raftery) clearly illustrates various methodologies used in today's climate of sociological diversity, offering a user-friendly approach to facilitate understanding at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. This chapter is then followed by a critique of 'Sociology and Philosophy' by Collins. Exploring theorists such as Mead, Durkheim and Kant, the text, argues succinctly how philosophy and sociology go hand-in-hand allowing for a greater 'connectedness' to the discipline. Chapter four highlights the diversity of sociological traditions, arguing that scientific investigations continue to follow traditional lines of methodology. Some discussion focuses on new contemporary diversity, but the chapter does tend towards pre-structured influences in the research design process. The final chapter in Part one is entitled 'Comparative Sociology: Some Paradigms and their Moments' (D.E. Apter). Here, an interesting and thoroughly thought through text draws the reader to the importance of various historical influences and paradigms and how they work, comparatively speaking. Several theoretical Sociology