Pilocarpine hydrochloride suspended in a candy-like pastille was evaluated as a topical treatment for radiation-induced xerostomia in head and neck cancer patients. This local delivery system, which differs from systemically administered pilocarpine preparations, was developed to hopefully maximize the local response and minimize the systemic side effects. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to determine objective and subjective efficacy in reversing the decrease in salivation. Forty previously irradiated patients received increasingly higher pilocarpine dosages in pastilles for 5 successive weeks. At each successive dose of pilocarpine, no significant increased salivation was noted. However, 25 (74%) of 34 patients reported that pilocarpine alleviated their subjective xerostomia. Topical pilocarpine administration has shown similar results to previous systemic delivery methods for radiation-induced xerostomia, but with improved patient tolerance.

Radiation therapy is commonly utilized either alone or in combination with surgery in the treatment of malignancies arising in the upper aerodigestive tract. Frequent post-treatment sequelae include xerostomia, dysgeusia, and dysphagia. Numerous commercial products designed to decrease these symptoms have not been uniformly successful. This pilot study was designed to evaluate prospectively oral pilocarpine as a means of stimulating minor and major salivary gland flow to eradicate these radiation-induced symptoms. The results of this pilot study support the hypothesis that the salivary glands are capable of responding to oral pilocarpine, and this therapeutic approach warrants further study.

Challenging behaviors interfere with children's learning, prosocial interactions, and family dynamics. Parents may benefit from receiving training in behavioral principles to prevent and reduce challenging behaviors, especially in low-resourced communities where services are scarce and scattered. This study implemented an adapted online training on behavioral principles with 15 parents of children with developmental disabilities in Paraguay. Analysis of the pretest and posttest assessment data indicated that parents' knowledge of behavioral principles overall increased, and some changes were found in the reported usage of positive parenting practices. Moreover, qualitative interviews with participants revealed that the intervention delivery in Paraguay was considered acceptable. Therefore, providing access to online training in lowresourced communities may be a feasible and accessible intervention for parents of children with developmental disabilities. K E Y W O R D S challenging behavior, intellectual and developmental disability, low-resourced communities, online parent training, practice

Cultural adaptation of evidence-based interventions for children with developmental disabilities, including autism, is an effective way to increase the effectiveness and sustainment of intervention effects. Such uptake of interventions is especially needed for communities of marginalized and minoritized populations. However, there have been very limited guidelines on how to ensure quality for cultural adaptation in autism. With this gap in mind, we present the Cultural Adaptation Checklist, which was developed in an iterative process with purposes to (a) guide research on the cultural adaptation of evidence-based intervention with diverse populations, and (b) systematically appraise the quality of cultural adaptation conducted in intervention literature. In this article, we describe the Checklist, development process, and how it may guide cultural adaptation in autism research.