Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

We introduce Forman-Ricci curvature and its corresponding flow as characteristics for complex networks attempting to extend the common approach of node-based network analysis by edge-based characteristics. Following a theoretical introduction and mathematical motivation, we apply the proposed network-analytic methods to static and dynamic complex networks and compare the results with established node-based characteristics. Our work suggests a number of applications for data mining, including denoising and clustering of experimental data, as well as extrapolation of network evolution. Complex networks, Forman-Ricci-curvature, Ricci-flow, Laplacian flow, data mining 2000 Math Subject Classification: 05C82, 05C75, 05C21, 05C10Network graphs have been perceived as practical models for complex systems for decades. With the rapid rise of data science since the late 1990s, they have become a widely used form of data representation that is easily storable and can be effectively analyzed with data mining methods.Complex networks represent a wide variety of data sets and systems, ranging from social interactions in large online social networks like Facebook and Twitter to neuronal activities in cortical graphs and genetic interactions in the human genome. Outside the social and natural sciences, networks are used as models for the spread of information in the world wide web and the shared use of energy ressources -to name just a few examples.Since the early days of network sciences, there have been numerous attempts to characterize complex real-world networks with standard models that capture essential topological properties. Most notably are the models of P. Rényi, 1959, Erdős andRényi, 1960], D. Watts and S. Strogatz [Watts and Strogatz, 1998] and R. Albert and A. Barabási [Barabási and Albert, 1999]. Their efforts were addressed with both praise 1 arXiv:1607.08654v2 [cs.DM]

At present, it is not clear how memory B lymphocytes are maintained over time, and whether only as circulating cells or also residing in particular tissues. Here we describe distinct populations of isotype-switched memory B lymphocytes (Bsm) of murine spleen and bone marrow, identified according to individual transcriptional signature and B cell receptor repertoire. A population of marginal zone-like cells is located exclusively in the spleen, while a population of quiescent Bsm is found only in the bone marrow. Three further resident populations, present in spleen and bone marrow, represent transitional and follicular B cells and B1 cells, respectively. A population representing 10-20% of spleen and bone marrow memory B cells is the only one qualifying as circulating. In the bone marrow, all cells individually dock onto VCAM1 + stromal cells and, reminiscent of resident memory T and plasma cells, are void of activation, proliferation and mobility.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate school nurses' familiarity and perceptions regarding academic accommodations for student-athletes following sport-related concussion. School nurses (N = 1,246) accessed the survey School Nurses' Beliefs, Attitudes and Knowledge of Pediatric Athletes with Concussions (BAKPAC-SN). The BAKPAC-SN contained several questions pertaining to concussion management and academic accommodations. There were significant differences regarding personal experience as well as familiarity of academic accommodations (p < .001) between school nurses who work at a school that employs an athletic trainer and school nurses who work at a school that does not employ an athletic trainer. There were significant weak positive relationships between years of experience and familiarity with academic accommodations (r = .210, p < .001), 504 plans (r = .243, p < .001), and individualized education plans (r = .205, p < .001). School nurses employed at a single school were significantly more familiar with academic accommodations (p = .027) and 504 plans (p = .001) than school nurses employed at multiple schools. Health care professionals should collaborate to effectively manage a concussed patient and should consider academic accommodations to ensure whole-person health care.