Indoor modeling and mapping has been an active area of research in last 20 years in order to tackle the problems related to positioning and tracking of people and objects indoors, and provides many opportunities for several domains ranging from emergency response to logistics in micro urban spaces. The outputs of recent research in the field have been presented in several scientific publications and events primarily related to spatial information science and technology. This paper summarizes the outputs of last 10 years of research on indoor modeling and mapping within a proper classification which covers 7 areas, i.e. Information Acquisition by Sensors, Model Definition, Model Integration, Indoor Positioning and LBS, Routing & Navigation Methods, Augmented and Virtual Reality Applications, and Ethical Issues. Finally, the paper outlines the current and future research directions and concluding remarks.
An iterative displacement method working based on generalisation zones is proposed as a part of contextual building generalisation in topographic map production at medium scales. Displacement is very complicated operation since a compromise ought to be found between several conflicting criteria. Displacement requirement mainly arises from the violation of minimum distances imposed by graphic limits after the enlargement of map objects for target scale. It is also important to maintain positional accuracy within scale limits and to propagate the changes to the related neighbouring objects by preserving spatial configurations as far as possible. In the proposed method, first it is decided where and when to initiate building displacement based on spatial analysis in the generalisation zones created for building clusters in the blocks. Secondly, relevant criteria are defined to control the displacement. Finally displacement candidate and vector are decided by means of Voronoi tessellation, spatial analysis techniques and combined multiple criteria (i.e. displacement controls) in each iteration. The evaluation of the findings demonstrates that this method is largely effective in zone-based displacement of buildings.A zone-based iterative building displacement method through... RESUMO Neste artigo propõe-se um metodo de deslocamento iterativo baseado na generalização de zonas, como parte da generalização contextual de edificações em mapas topograficos de média escala. O deslocamento é uma operação complicada considerando que deve ser encontrada uma relação entre vários critérios conflitantes. A necessidade para o deslocamento origina-se da incapacidade de manter as distâncias mínimas entre os objetos impostas pelos limites gráficos após o aumento dos objetos do mapa para a escala final. Também é importante manter a acurácia posicional para a esacala e propagar as mudanças aos vizinhos dos objetos preservando ao máximo sua configuração espacial. No método proposto, primieramente é decidido onde e quando iniciar o deslocamento dos edificios com base na análise espacial nas zonas generalizadas criadas pelos agrupamentos de edificações nas quadras. Em seguida, um critério relevante consiste em controlar o deslocamento. Finalmente, os candidatos ao delocamento e os vetores são analisados utilizando Voronoi Tesselation, análise espacial e múltiplos critérios combinados em cada iteração. A avaliação demonstrou que este método é efetivo para deslocamento de edificações baseado em zonas.
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