Weather observations and forecasts play a crucial role in the safety and economics of aviation, particularly in the presence of hazards such as fog. Climatological studies of this phenomenon are hence standard information for the aviation industry. Some aeronautical meteorological stations located at airports are also combined with synoptic stations and have to provide local and current weather conditions in two different types of reports: SYNOP for synoptic purposes and METAR for aeronautical purposes. When climatological studies are to be carried out, the question arises of which type of report is more appropriate for the task. In this work, a comparison is made between these two types of hourly meteorological observation reports, with the aim of identifying the conditions under which differences can have a significant impact on the final results. For this purpose, SYNOP and METAR reports for the period 2000-2019 from 13 Argentine airports were selected from diverse databases. A perfect agreement between the two reports is not found, but a varying degree of similarity depends on the variable. A key difference is found in “present weather” mainly due to different reporting rules. In this context, six different selection criteria using visibility, dew point depression, and present weather are used to evaluate the impact of the differences found in the fog climatology. In conclusion, SYNOP data could be used instead of METAR in statistical studies if the need arises, but with the caveat that fog frequency of occurrence should not be interpreted too strictly.
Este trabajo presenta un estudio climatol´ogico sobre niebla utilizando reportes aeron´auticos horarios (METAR) para el per´ıodo 2000-2019 en los siguientes aeropuertos con distintos entornos geogr´aficos: Ezeiza, Aeroparque, San Fernando, Mar del Plata, Rosario, Resistencia, Iguaz´u, C´ordoba, Neuqu´en, Bariloche, R´ıo Gallegos, R´ıo Grande, Ushuaia y Montevideo. Se analizaron diferentes fuentes de datos (argentina SMN, espa˜nola OGIMET y estadounidenses NOAA y IEM) y se eligi´o la base NOAA por ser la m´as completa, robusta y que se extiende por un mayor per´ıodo de tiempo con el fin de construir las climatolog´ıas m´as representativas de la realidad posibles. Los datos fueron analizados considerando las regulaciones internacionales de la OACI a las observaciones meteorol´ogicas y las pr´acticas de los observadores meteorol´ogicos en Argentina. Entre los resultados m´as destacables, se encontr´o la mayor cantidad promedio de d´ıas por a˜no con presencia de niebla en Mar del Plata, Ezeiza, R´ıo Grande y Montevideo (49,8, 49,1, 34,1 y 34,8 respectivamente) mientras que Neuqu´en, Bariloche, Ushuaia y Aeroparque presentaron los menores valores (3,5, 4,4, 1,4 y 7,1 respectivamente). Se encontr´o un grupo de aeropuertos en los que las frecuencias de ocurrencia tienen un ciclo diario con los mayores valores en horas cercanas al amanecer (15-20 %, 7 am) durante la mayor parte del a˜no (Ezeiza, Mar del Plata, San Fernando, C´ordoba, Rosario, Montevideo) mientras que, en otro grupo, las frecuencias diarias no presentan un rango horario predominante pero s´ı se encuentran mayormente en los meses invernales (R´ıo Gallegos, R´ıo Grande, Aeroparque). El an´alisis climatol´ogico de la direcci´on y velocidad del viento se abord´o considerando la infraestructura de los aeropuertos como la direcci´on de la pista y la presencia de instrumental que permita operaciones con visibilidad reducida. En particular, el primer grupo present´o un predominio de vientos calmos durante las horas de visibilidad reducida, mientras que en el segundo predominaron los vientos leves y moderados provenientes desde cuerpos de agua. Por ´ultimo, se estudi´o la reducci´on de visibilidad por niebla de forma simult´anea en diferentes aeropuertos con el fin de establecer el impacto del fen´omeno en la log´ıstica de las aerol´ıneas en lo que respecta al uso de aeropuertos alternativos.
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