With the exception of infant growth, there are no well-defined parameters describing normal human lactation. This represents a major gap in the continuum of care that does not exist for other major organs. Biological normality occurs naturally and is characterized by well-integrated function. We have proposed a definition that highlights four key elements that describe parameters for biological normality: comfort, milk supply, infant health, and maternal health. Notwithstanding the current limitations, published data have been collated to provide preliminary markers for the initiation of lactation and to describe objective tests once lactation is established. Reference limits have been calculated for maternal markers of secretory activation, including progesterone in maternal blood and total protein, lactose, sodium, and citrate in maternal milk. Objective measurements for established lactation, including 3-hourly pumping and 24-hour milk production, together with pre-feed to post-feed milk fat changes (a useful indicator of the available milk removed by the infant) have been outlined. Considered together with the parameters describing normal function, this information provides a preliminary objective framework for the assessment of human lactation.

Most children globally are not breastfed to recommendations. Medical practitioners are frequently visited in the first 6 months post-partum, and the interaction at such visits significantly influences subsequent infant feeding decisions. Medical practitioners report that clinical practice in lactation is often disproportionately reliant on personal experience. This systematic review synthesises the literature on lactation health interventions used to support clinical decision making by medical practitioners. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases were searched for peer-reviewed empirical studies published after 2000. Two reviewers independently screened and then assessed full-text articles against inclusion criteria. Quality of reporting and risk of bias were independently assessed using three validated tools. No conclusions can be made regarding the success or failure of implementation strategies used or the outcomes of putting them into effect due to problems with study methodology, intervention reporting and risk of bias.Good-quality research, which follows proven implementation frameworks, is needed to guide and sustain the incorporation of evidence-based decision support into medical practitioners' care of breastfeeding mothers and infants.

During the last decade, there have been several publications highlighting the need for consistent terminology in breastfeeding research. Standard terms and definitions are essential for the comparison and interpretation of scientific studies that, in turn, support evidence‐based education, consistency of health care, and breastfeeding policy. Inconsistent advice is commonly reported by mothers to contribute to early weaning. A standard language is the fundamental starting point required for the provision of consistent advice. LactaPedia (http://www.lactapedia.com) is a comprehensive lactation glossary of over 500 terms and definitions created during the development of LactaMap (http://www.lactamap.com), an online lactation care support system. This paper describes the development of LactaPedia, a website that is accessible free of charge to anyone with access to the Internet. Multiple methodological frameworks were incorporated in LactaPedia's development in order to meet the needs of a glossary to support both consistent health care and scientific research. The resulting LactaPedia methodology is a six‐stage process that was developed inductively and includes framework to guide vetting and extension of its content using public feedback via discussion forums. The discussion forums support ongoing usability and refinement of the glossary. The development of LactaPedia provides a fundamental first step towards improving breastfeeding outcomes that are currently well below World Health Organisation recommendations globally.

Commission II, WG II/4KEY WORDS: Spatial Data Quality, Communication, Producer, Consumer, Fitness for Use, Open Data, LPIS, ETS ABSTRACT:Although by many perceived as important, spatial data quality has hardly ever been taken centre stage unless something went wrong due to bad quality. However, we think this is going to change soon. We are more and more relying on data driven processes and due to the increased availability of data, there is a choice in what data to use. How to make that choice? We think spatial data quality has potential as a selection criterion. In this paper we focus on how a workflow tool can help the consumer as well as the producer to get a better understanding about which product characteristics are important. For this purpose, we have developed a framework in which we define different roles (consumer, producer and intermediary) and differentiate between product specifications and quality specifications. A number of requirements is stated that can be translated into quality elements. We used case studies to validate our framework. This framework is designed following the fitness for use principle. Also part of this framework is software that in some cases can help ascertain the quality of datasets.

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