Educational researchers postulate that every individual has a different learning style. The aim of this descriptive study was to determine the learning styles of first-year medical students using the Turkish version of the visual, auditory, read-write, kinesthetic (VARK) questionnaire. This study was performed at the Department of Medical Education of Erciyes University in February 2006. The Turkish version of the VARK questionnaire was administered to first-year medical students to determine their preferred mode of learning. According to the VARK questionnaire, students were divided into five groups (visual learners, read-write learners, auditory learners, kinesthetic learners, and multimodal learners). The unimodality preference was 36.1% and multimodality was 63.9%. Among the students who participated in the study (155 students), 23.3% were kinesthetic, 7.7% were auditory, 3.2% were visual, and 1.9% were read-write learners. Some students preferred multiple modes: bimodal (30.3%), trimodal (20.7%), and quadmodal (12.9%). The learning styles did not differ between male and female students, and no statistically significant difference was determined between the first-semester grade average points and learning styles. Knowing that our students have different preferred learning modes will help the medical instructors in our faculty develop appropriate learning approaches and explore opportunities so that they will be able to make the educational experience more productive.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of health promoting lifestyle behaviour among medical students attending seven of the medical schools in Turkey. Materials and Methods: This crosssectional descriptive study was performed during the second semester of the first and last (sixth) years of study from March to May 2011. A questionnaire with two sections was specifically designed. The first section contained questions on demographic characteristics; the second consisted of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP) Scale. From a total of 2,309 medical students, 2,118 (response rate 91.7%) completed the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t, Anova, Tukey test and binary logistic regression analysis. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Erciyes University. Results: The mean age was 20.7±2.9 years and it was found that 55.1% were men, 62.3% were in the first year. The overall prevalence of smoking was 19.1%, and for drinking alcohol was 19.4%. HPLP point averages of the first year students were 129.2±17.7, and for last year 125.5±19.0. The overall mean score for the HPLP II was 2.5±0.4. They scored highest on the spiritual growth subscale (2.9±0.5), interpersonal relations (2.8±0.5), health responsibility subscale (2.3±0.5), nutrition subscale (2.3±0.5), stress management subscale (2.3±0.4), and the lowest subscale physical activity (2.0±0.5). It is established that student's grade, educational level of parents, economic status of family, marital status, smoking and general health perception of the students resulted in a significant difference in HPLP Scale total score average and the mean score of majority of subscales.There was no statistically significant difference between the total HPLP when evaluated for gender, chronic disease, alcohol drinking status and BMI. Conclusions: Based on these results, particularly in the curriculum of medical students in order to increase positive health behaviours including physical activity, health promotion issues, and giving more space to aim at behaviour change in these matters is recommended.

In a female population of Turkey (1146 adult females), some epidemiological and clinical characteristics of migraine and tension type headache and their subtypes were investigated. The relation of the headache severity to clinical characteristics were inquired. Migraine prevalence was found to be statistically higher in the 35-44 years age group (P < 0.01) and those who were university graduates (P < 0.001), married (P < 0.01) and living in urban areas (P < 0.01). Tension type headache was found to be higher in the 45-64 years age group (P < 0.05). Chronic tension type headache patients were found to be older than episodic type (P < 0.01) and frequently were in the lowest education level (P < 0.05). Presence of impact on daily activities because of the severity of headache was found to be related to aggravation by physical activities (P = 0.001) in tension type headache, with no clinical characteristics in migraine headache and on consideration of all headache patients with throbbing nature (P < 0.05), aggravation on physical activities (P = 0.001), nausea (P < 0.01), vomiting (P < 0.05) and phonophobia (P < 0.05).

In this case, intravenous and intrathecal colistin infusions were tolerated well and without any serious adverse effects. The intrathecal infusion regimen was decided according to the company's recommendations, with some necessary modifications due to early signs of reversible neurotoxicity. One year later the patient is very well, with no residual neurological manifestations.In conclusion, intravenous and intrathecal colistin may be a good therapeutic option in the treatment of meningitis due to multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa.Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest to declare. References1. Fass RJ, Barnishan J, Solomon MC, Ayers LW. In vitro activities of quinolones, b-lactams, tobramycin, and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole against nonfermentative Gram-negative bacilli.

It was concluded that traditional practices were more prevalent in the rural areas and among the older couples.