Proton exchange, residence time, and gas uptake measurements are used to explore collisions and reactions of HCl, HBr, and HNO 3 with 70 wt % D 2 SO 4 at 213 K. These studies help to provide a detailed picture of HX (X ) Cl, Br, NO 3 ) energy transfer to sulfuric acid and the fate of the HX molecules immediately after thermalization at the D 2 O/D 2 SO 4 surface. We find that the three molecules readily dissipate their excess kinetic energy and become trapped momentarily in the interfacial region. However, only 11 ( 3% of the thermalized HCl and 22 ( 3% of the thermalized HBr molecules undergo H f D exchange; the HCl and HBr that do not react are found to desorb from the acid within 2 × 10 -6 s. In contrast, more than 95% of the initially trapped HNO 3 molecules are converted to DNO 3 . The HX molecules that undergo exchange dissolve within the deuterated acid for characteristic times of 5 × 10 -5 s (HCl), 3 × 10 -3 s (HBr), and 1 × 10 -1 s (HNO 3 ) before they desorb thermally as DX. The scattering experiments imply that the desorption of thermalized HCl and HBr molecules is, on average, faster than their solvation and reaction in the interfacial and bulk regions of 70 wt % D 2 SO 4 . Although HNO 3 is less acidic than HCl or HBr, it appears to hydrogen bond more strongly to surface D 2 O and D 2 SO 4 , enabling it to be captured by the acid in nearly every collision.

BACKGROUND Rapid publication of clinical trials is essential in order for the findings to yield maximal benefits for public health and scientific progress. Factors affecting the speed of publication of the main results of government-funded trials have not been well characterized. METHODS We analyzed 244 extramural randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular interventions that were supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). We selected trials for which data collection had been completed between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2011. Our primary outcome measure was the time between completion of the trial and publication of the main results in a peer-reviewed journal. RESULTS As of March 31, 2012, the main results of 156 trials (64%) had been published (Kaplan–Meier median time to publication, 25 months, with 57% published within 30 months). Trials that focused on clinical events were published more rapidly than those that focused on surrogate measures (median, 9 months vs. 31 months; P<0.001). The only independent predictors of more rapid publication were a focus on clinical events rather than surrogate end points (adjusted publication rate ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.26 to 3.53; P = 0.004) and higher costs of conducting the trial, up to a threshold of approximately $5 million (P<0.001). The 37 trials that focused on clinical events and cost at least $5 million accounted for 67% of the funds spent on clinical trials but received 82% of the citations. After adjustment of the analysis for a focus on clinical events and for cost, trial results that were classified as positive were published more quickly than those classified as negative. CONCLUSIONS Results of less than two thirds of NHLBI-funded randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular interventions were published within 30 months after completion of the trial. Trials that focused on clinical events were published more quickly than those that focused on surrogate end points. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.)

Abstract.Gaseous HC1 and HBr react with sulfuric acid at rates that depend strongly on acid concentration over a range of acidities typical of stratospheric aerosols. We monitor the competition between immediate desorption and H-•D exchange after HC1 and HBr thermalize upon collision with the surface of deuterated sulfuric acid: the exchange probabilities decrease from 0.7 to 0.1 (HC1) and 0.9 to 0.2 (HBr) as the acid concentration is increased from 55 to 70wt % D2SO4 at 213 K. These measurements imply that HC1 and HBr desorb faster than they dissociate at higher acidities, impeding the formation of C1-and Br-in more acidic aerosols. Residence time measurements of HC1 molecules that do enter the acid, however, indicate that HC1 is more soluble than expected at high sulfuric acid concentrations.

This report describes the biological activity, characterization, and SAR leading to 9d (BMS-754807) a small molecule IGF-1R kinase inhibitor in clinical development.

No abstract