A new manual search method was used to investigate the impact of naming on object individuation in 12-month-old infants. In Experiment 1, on a two-word trial, an experimenter looked into a box while the infant was watching and provided two labels (e.g., "Look, a fep!" and "Look, a wug!"). On a one-word trial, the experimenter instead repeated the same label (e.g., "Look, a zav!"). After the infant retrieved one object from the box, subsequent search behavior was recorded. Infants searched more persistently (i.e., for a longer duration) after hearing two labels than one, suggesting that hearing two labels led the infants to expect two objects inside the box. In Experiment 2, infants' search behavior did not differ depending on whether they heard one or two emotional expressions, suggesting that the facilitation effect observed in Experiment 1 may be specific to linguistic expressions. Thus, we provide the first evidence that infants as young as 12 months are able to use intentional and referential cues to guide their object representations. These findings also suggest that a rudimentary version of the mutual-exclusivity constraint may be functional by the end of the first year.

BACKGROUND. Serous and mucinous ovarian tumors of low malignant potential (LMP-S and LMP-M, respectively) are noninvasive tumors that portend excellent survival when confined to the ovary. Comparison of the survival for women with LMP tumors staged as distant with women who have carcinoma may have important implications for diagnostic terminology and clinical management. METHODS. The authors compared relative survival rates among patients diagnosed with ovarian tumors during the period 1988-1999 (with follow-up through 2000) by histologic type, disease stage, tumor grade (for carcinomas), and patient age, using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. RESULTS. The overall relative survival rate at 10 years (Ϯ 1.96 standard errors) was 96.9% Ϯ 2.3% for women with LMP-S tumors, 30.4% Ϯ 1.7% for women with serous carcinoma (CA-S); 94.0% Ϯ 3.1% for women with LMP-M tumors, and 64.7% Ϯ 3.4% for women with mucinous carcinoma (CA-M). The survival rate at 10 years for women with distant-stage LMP-S tumors was 89.9% Ϯ 5.3%, compared with 96.1% Ϯ 8.6% for women with well differentiated, localized CA-S. The survival rate for women with distant-stage LMP-M tumors at 5 years was 85.5% Ϯ 9.0%, compared with 95.5% Ϯ 3.4% for women with well differentiated, localized CA-M (data for 10 years were limited). Mucinous ovarian neoplasms were associated with an excess of second malignancies of the digestive tract. CONCLUSIONS. Relative survival among women with distant-stage LMP tumors was not 100% and resembled the survival of women who had carcinoma exhibiting favorable prognostic features (localized stage). Future studies of women with high-stage LMP tumors are required to clarify the pathogenesis of extraovarian lesions and their implications for management and prognosis.

A diagnosis of Parkinson's disease is classically established after the manifestation of motor symptoms such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor. However, a growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that nonmotor symptoms, especially gastrointestinal dysfunctions, could be considered as early biomarkers since they are ubiquitously found among confirmed patients and occur much earlier than their motor manifestations. According to Braak's hypothesis, the disease is postulated to originate in the intestine and then spread to the brain via the vagus nerve, a phenomenon that would involve other neuronal types than the well-established dopaminergic population. It has therefore been proposed that peripheral nondopaminergic impairments might precede the alteration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system and, ultimately, the emergence of motor symptoms. Considering the growing interest in the gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease, this review aims at providing a comprehensive picture of the multiple gastrointestinal features of the disease, along with the therapeutic approaches used to reduce their burden. Moreover, we highlight the importance of gastrointestinal symptoms with respect to the patients' responses towards medical treatments and discuss the various possible adverse interactions that can potentially occur, which are still poorly understood.

The SUCCOUR trial will be the first randomized controlled trial of GLS and will provide evidence to inform guidelines regarding the place of GLS for surveillance for CTRCD. (Strain sUrveillance of Chemotherapy for improving Cardiovascular Outcomes [SUCCOUR]; ANZ Clinical Trials ACTRN12614000341628).

Autoradiographic experiments using iodinated vasopressin analog revealed the presence of specific vasopressin-binding sites in the human adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata). These receptors exhibited a good affinity for arginine vasopressin (3.3 nM), with classical V1a pharmacology and densities of 65 and 135 fmol/mg protein-enriched membranes from zona glomerulosa and fasciculata, respectively. Vasopressin receptors present in both glomerulosa and fasciculata cell-enriched primary cultures were coupled to phospholipase C (ED50, 0.9 and 1.8 nM; maximal stimulation, 4.3- and 5.8-fold, respectively). Vasopressin also stimulated an increase in intracellular calcium through at least two distinct mechanisms: the mobilization of intracellular pools via vasopressin-stimulated inositol phosphate accumulation and the activation of calcium influx. In glomerulosa cell-enriched primary cultures, vasopressin increased aldosterone secretion (ED50, 0.4 nM; maximal stimulation, 2.5-fold) and was found to be as potent as angiotensin-II in stimulating aldosterone secretion, phosphoinositide turnover, and calcium mobilization. In fasciculata cells, vasopressin and angiotensin-II were also able to stimulate cortisol secretion and inositol phosphate accumulation. Moreover, perifusion experiments demonstrated that vasopressin was released from the adrenal medulla. Together, these results indicate that vasopressin can be considered a potent paracrine modulator of adrenal steroid secretion in man.