Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis growth should be prevented to minimise inflammation in periodontal tissues. Antibacterial herbs need to be considered because there are side effects caused by synthetic antibacterial drugs. Namnam (Cynometra cauliflora L.) leaves are known for having antibacterial effects. The purpose of this research was analysing the inhibition potential, and the highest inhibition concentration of namnam leaves extract on the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Methods: 24 samples were divided into 6 groups. The positive control group was given 0.2% chlorhexidine, and the treatment group was given various concentrations (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%) of namnam leaves extract. The disc which spilled by various concentrations of namnam leaves extracts and 0.2% chlorhexidine was placed on a medium which has been inoculated by P. gingivalis, then incubated at 37ºC for 48 hours. The inhibition zone was measured using a vernier calliper. Results: The concentration of 100% had the highest average inhibition zone value, which was 11.43 mm. The content in namnam leaves extracts which serve as antibacterial were tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins and quinones. Conclusion: Namnam leaves extract can inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis. 100% of namnam leaves extract has the highest antibacterial inhibition zone.Keywords: Antibacterial, Namnam leaves extract, periodontal disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis

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Periodontitis merupakan penyakit inflamasi pada jaringan periodontal. Porphyromonas gingivalis merupakan salah satu bakteri patogen pemicu periodontitis. Respons awal inflamasi dipicu oleh faktor virulen P.gingivalis antara lain lipopolisakarida (LPS) yang berlanjut pada kerusakan ligamen periodontal sehingga memicu resorpsi tulang alveolar yang diperankan oleh sel osteoklas. Ekstrak daun ungu (Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff) diketahui dapat menghambat P.gingivalis secara in vitro, namun kemampuannya sebagai antiinflamasi dalam menurunkan jumlah sel osteoklas pada kejadian periodontitis belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi ekstrak daun ungu (EDU) dalam menurunkan jumlah sel osteoklas pada tikus wistar yang diinfeksi dengan P.gingivalis. Penelitian dilakukan pada tikus wistar yang terdiri atas 6 kelompok. Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 5 tikus wistar. Enam kelompok yang terdiri dari kelompok normal (KN): tanpa perlakuan, kelompok kontrol negatif (K-): diinfeksi P.gingivalis (Pg), kelompok kontrol positif (K+): Pg + Tantum Verde, dan 3 kelompok perlakuan yaitu: KP2,5% (Pg + EDU 2,5%), KP5% (Pg + EDU 5%) serta KP10% (Pg + EDU10%). Pemeriksaan histologi dengan pengecatan Haematoxylin-Eosin (HE), jumlah sel osteoklas pada jaringan gingiva, ditentukan dengan menghitung jumlah rata-rata dari 3 lapang pandang tiap potongan jaringan. Analisis data dengan One Way Anova dilanjutkan LSD. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ekstrak daun ungu berpotensi menurunkan jumlah sel osteoklas pada jaringan gingiva tikus wistar (p0,05).

Background: Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) are chronic inflammation diseases in the dental supporting tissues characterized by the existence of pocket inside, alveolar bone attachments and damages rapidly leading to the dental loss. The pocket inside is related to the existence of the dominating bacteria known as the black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria group. This black-pigmented bacteria group consists of Porphyromonas spp and Prevotella spp genus abundantly found in the periodontal pocket. This research aims at examining the number of blackpigmented bacteria taken from the Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) of patients suffering from the Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP). Method: The ethical clearance was obtained from the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Jember. The subjects diagnosed with the Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis were recorded into pocket and then the panoramic Rontgen photographs were taken. The Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) of patients were taken using a sterile paper point and then inserted to the pocket inside for 30 seconds. The paper point was then inserted to the PBS and examined using a microbiological test on blood agar media. The mouth cavity hygiene levels of subjects were recorded using OHI-S, while the needs on periodontal treatments using CPITN. The statistical test was conducted using T-test with the value of p<0.05. Result: he result shows that subjects suffering from the Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) had the pocket depth differences yet not significant (p>0.05). this shows the same periodontal disease severity of both Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP). The bacteria culture result shows that the number of black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria in both Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) was not significant (p>0.05). The mouth hygiene level of patients suffering from the Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) was at the medium (93%) level with the needs on periodontal treatments of scaling and root planning (85%) Conclusion: The number of black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria colonies belonging to the patients suffering from the Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis (AP) was same.

The objective of this study is to determine the difference between A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis virulence as the cause of periodontal disease. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. Ten rats were induced by 10 ug/mL P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and the other ten rats were induced by 10 ug/mL crude proteins of A. actinomycetemcomitans. The injection was performed three times for six weeks in the interdental area between the first and the second mandibular right molar by using a 30gauge needle. On the third and seventh days, five rats from each group were decapitated and observed with microcomputed tomography (μ-CT) to determine the severity of alveolar bone resorption. The immunohistochemical method was used to find the expression of macrophage inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α). The ANOVA test was performed to determine the difference among each group. The μ-CT image observation of each group revealed that the severity of alveolar bone resorption was different in each group. In the group that was induced by the crude proteins of A. actinomycetemcomitans, resorption was more advanced than those in the LPS and the control group. A significant increase (p<0.05) was found in IL-1β and TNF-α expressions after induction in both groups on the third and seventh days, with the highest cytokine expression observed on the seventh day. The expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α in the group that was induced by the crude proteins of A. actinomycetemcomitans were significantly higher than those in the LPS group. The crude proteins of A. actinomycetemcomitans showed a greater level of virulence than the P. gingivalis LPS in either alveolar bone resorption or inflammatory cytokine expression.