Two types of adipose tissue with different functions are found in humans, namely white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue. White adipose tissue is present in large quantities in the body and it is considered an endocrine organ where excess energy is stored and it contributes to energy homeostasis. Brown adipose tissue provides thermoregulation especially in mammals and newborns. Uncoupling protein is the determinant protein of brown adipose tissue and it makes it possible for energy to be released as heat. Brown adipose tissue is located in the cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, paravertebral, mediastinal and upper abdominal regions in adults. White adipose tissue is stored in two main locations in the body, namely visceral white adipose tissue and subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Brown (beige) adipocytes may develop within white adipose tissue due to numerous environmental factors such as hormonal interactions, chronic cold exposure and exercise. Adipose tissue play a role in energy expenditure through various hormonal mechanisms. Brown adipose tissue is also present in adult humans and high amounts of it is linked to low body weight. Adipose tissue mitochondrial dysfunction is responsible for developing obesity. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system in reaction to cold exposure and food intake causes brown adipose tissue to be stimulated. This brown adipose tissue based reaction is defined as cold-induced thermogenesis and thermic effect of food and it increases total energy expenditure. This compilation examines properties of adipose tissue and their effects on energy expenditure.

Obesity causes many health problems as well as having negative effects on fertility. There is a multifaceted relationship between obesity and male infertility. Male fertility is associated with sperm concentration, motility and morphology. Testosterone (total and free) and gonadotropin levels were low and estrogen levels were found to be high in obese men. The decrease in androgen levels varies based on the degree of obesity. High body mass index is inversely related to total sperm count, sperm concentration, sperm morphology and number of motile sperm. Leptin and ghrelin are hormones that influence body weight regulation and eating behaviors. Serum leptin level, which is high in obese infertile men, showed a significant positive correlation with abnormal sperm morphology, serum FSH, LH, prolactin level and showed a significant negative correlation with sperm concentration, sperm motility and serum testosterone level. Further research is needed on the effects of ghrelin levels on male infertility. The relationship between obesity and erectile dysfunction can be explained by decreased testosterone levels and elevation of some proinflammatory cytokine levels. Decreased physical activity due to obesity, long-term sitting increases testicular temperature and affects sperm production negatively. There is a multifaceted relationship between obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes and serum testosterone and SHBG. Diet and exercise showed improvement in testosterone levels and sperm concentration due to decreased body weight. However, studies on this subject are extremely limited. The possible effects of weight loss on successful infertility treatment of obese men should not be ignored.

Does nutritional treatment in patients with dysphagia affect malnutrition and anxiety? ¿Afecta el tratamiento nutricional de los pacientes con disfagia a la desnutrición y la ansiedad?

In recent years, attention has been called to the link between nutrition and mental health. Postpartum depression is an important depressive disorder which often arises 6 to 12 weeks after giving birth and can happen at any time within one year. Postpartum depression prevalence is around 20% worldwide. Genetic predisposition and environmental factors, as well as certain social, psychological and biological factors constitute risk factors for postpartum depression. While malnutrition is among the biological factors, there is a correlation between nutrients such as folic acid, vitamin B₁₂, vitamin D, iron, selenium, zinc, and n-3 fatty acids and psychological state. The nutrients that claim most attention relating to postpartum depression are n-3 essential fatty acids. Insufficient intake of n-3, folic acid, vitamins B and iron is observed in pregnant women. Failing to meet the needs of the mother due to malnutrition during pregnancy can increase the risk of depleting the body’s nutrient reserves and developing postpartum. This risk factor needs to be kept in check by determining and keeping track of the nutrient needs of the mother during the perinatal period.