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As a last-resort antimicrobial agent to treat serious infections, the emergence and spread of tigecycline resistance in Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter have raised global concerns. Multiple mechanisms mediate tigecycline resistance in Enterobacteriaceae , such as the monooxygenase Tet(X), mutations in Tet proteins, and overexpression of efflux pumps.

Colistin is a last-resort antibiotic for severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens. Colistin resistance genes mcr , particularly mcr-1 , have been found in Enterobacteriaceae around the world, mainly in Escherichia coli and Salmonella . Salmonella enterica is a major foodborne pathogen, with MDR Salmonella being considered a “Serious Threat Level pathogen” by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Salmonella spp. are important foodborne pathogens, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have become a serious threat to clinical therapy. MDR S .

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