Background: Tacrolimus (Tac, or FK506), a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI), is the first-line immu-nosuppressant which consists of the footstone as immunosuppressive regimens in kidney transplantation. However, the drug toxicity and the significant differences of pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynam-ics (PD) among individuals are hidden troubles for clinical application. Recently, emerging evidences of Tac pharmacogenetics (PG) regarding drug absorption, metabolism, disposition, excretion and response are discovered for better understanding of this drug.Method: We reviewed the published articles regarding the Tac PG and its effects on PK and PD in kidney transplantation. In addition, we summarized information on polygenic algorithms.Results: The polymorphism of genes encoding metabolic enzymes and transporters related to Tac were largely investigated, but the results were inconsistent. In addition to CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and P-gp (also known as ABCB1), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might also affect the PK and PD parameters of Tac.Conclusion: The correlation between Tac PK, PD and PG is very complex. Although many factors need to be verified, it is envisaged that thorough understanding of PG may assist clinicians to predict the optimal starting dosage, help adjust the maintenance regimen, as well as identify high risk patients for adverse ef-fects or drug inefficacy

This study identifies several novel susceptibility genes for MMD. The association with homocysteine metabolism and the immune system enrichment of susceptibility gene expression suggest that therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways may be effective approaches for MMD treatment.

This study examines temporal variations of the abundance and carbon isotopic characteristics of particulate organic carbon (POC) and specific‐source compounds in the context of hydrological variability in the Yellow River. The content and bulk carbon isotopic characteristics (13C and 14C) of POC were relatively uniform over the hydrologic (seasonal) cycle. We attribute these temporally invariant geochemical characteristics to the dominant contribution of loess material to the suspended particulate matter (SPM). In contrast, molecular‐level signals revealed that hydrologic conditions exert a significant influence on the proportional contributions of petrogenic and especially fresh plant‐derived OC, while pre‐aged soil OC is mobilized via deeper erosion processes (e.g., gully erosion, mudslides) and is independent of hydrodynamics and surface runoff. A coupled biomarker‐isotope mixing model was applied to estimate the time‐varying supply of contemporary/modern biomass, pre‐aged soil, and fossil OC components to Chinese marginal seas from the Yellow River. We found that natural (e.g., precipitation) and human‐induced (e.g., water and sediment regulation) variations in hydrological regime strongly influence the flux with the magnitude of the corresponding annual fluxes of POC ranging between 0.343 ± 0.122 Mt yr−1 and 0.581 ± 0.213 Mt yr−1, but less strongly infleunce proportions of the different OC constituents. Inter‐annual differences in pre‐aged soil and fossil OC fluxes imply that extreme climate events (e.g., floods) modulate the exhumation and export of old carbon to the ocean, but the OC homogeneity in the pre‐aged mineral soil‐dominated watersheds facilitates robust predictions in terms of OC transport dynamics in the past (sediment cores) and in the future.