Sorption of naphthalene, lindane, and atrazine on 10 kinds of carbonaceous materials which included four kinds of graphene, three kinds of graphite, two kinds of carbon nanotubes and one kind of mesoporous carbon was investigated. The approximate sorption site energy distributions were calculated based on Dubinin-Ashtakhov (DA) model. The average sorption site energy and standard deviation of the site energy distribution were deduced and applied to analyze the interaction between sorbents and sorbates, and the sorption site heterogeneity. The introduction of oxygen-containing functional groups to the sorbents caused a decrease in their average sorption energy for the studied compounds. However, relative to the decrease in average site energy, the reduction in number of sorption sites as indicated by surface area more strongly reduced their sorption capacity to the tested carbonaceous materials based on the result of the linear regression analysis. Sorption site heterogeneity of the sorbents decreased as their oxygen contents increased, which is attributed to the better dispersion of the oxygen-containing materials as indicated by their TEM images. The method proposed in this study to quantify the average sorption site energy and heterogeneity is helpful for a better understanding of the sorption mechanisms of organic pollutants to carbonaceous materials.
Individual plant morphology and crop structure are contrasting between direct sown oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) (DOR) and transplanted oilseed rape (TOR) in China due to altered plant density and growth duration. is study was conducted to compare the yield performance and response to N fertilizer between DOR and TOR. e e ects of establishment method (direct sowing or transplanting) and N rate (0 or 180 kg N ha -1 ) on yield, dry matter, and N uptake were determined through nine on-farm experiments in China. e DOR produced lower and more inconsistent yields compared with TOR under identical N rates. e yield reduction was 78.7% for DOR and 66.7% for TOR when N fertilizer was omitted, demonstrating that DOR was more sensitive to N de ciency. Furthermore, TOR outperformed DOR in terms of individual growth, dry matter yield, N uptake, harvest index, and N e ciency. Compared with the steady development of TOR, DOR exhibited uctuating dry matter accumulation and N uptake during plant growth, mainly due to the di erences in population dynamics and initial N concentration. e TOR plant density was consistent throughout the growing season, whereas DOR showed 73.3 and 38.5% plant loss in no-N and N-fertilized plots, respectively. Nitrogen application increased DOR plants survival based on improved individual growth. Hence, DOR exhibited a relatively greater response to N fertilizer. In conclusion, crop performance, yield level, and responses to N fertilizer were signi cantly di erent between DOR and TOR, suggesting that the N fertilizer management strategy should be adjusted depending on the establishment method.Key Lab. of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River) Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural Univ.,
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