Background Globally, the Tuberculosis treatment success rate was worse for HIV-positive TB patients compared with HIV- negative TB patients. This study aimed at determining the impact of HIV-AIDS and factors associated with TB treatment outcomes. Methods This study was a retrospective cohort study of five years of tuberculosis data from four public health facilities in Hosanna Town. A total of 604 study participants were included using a systematic random sampling technique. Descriptive analysis of ratios, rates, and proportions was done and binary logistic regression, bivariable and multivariable, analysis was also done. Result A total of 604 TB patients were enrolled in this study. 302 (50%) were HIV co-infected. The overall treatment success rate was 90.1% (544/604). Treatment success rates are 86.4% (261/302) for TB-HIV co-infected patients and 93.7% (283/302) for non-co-infected patients. TB-HIV co-infected patients had a higher risk of an unsuccessful treatment outcome (Adjusted Relative Risk [ARR]: 2.7; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.4 – 5.2). The risk of unsuccessful treatment outcome is also higher among rural residents (ARR: 3.3; CI: 1.4 – 5.0), patients on the re-treatment category (ARR: 2.7; CI: 1.4 – 5.1), and with chronic disease (ARR: 3.3; CI: 1.3 – 8.1). Conclusion TB treatment success rate is good as compared to the WHO minimum requirement. Successful treatment outcome is lower among patients with HIV infection, rural residents, patients on re-treatment, and patients with chronic disease. Therefore, due emphasis should be given to these high-risk groups.

BACKGROUND: Cholera is an acute epidemic infectious disease. It is characterized by watery diarrhea, extreme loss of fluid and electrolytes, and severe dehydration. Ethiopia faced three consecutive waves of cholera outbreaks: nearly all regional states and city administrations, with the exception of one, were affected. The study was conducted with the aim of describing the epidemiology of the outbreak within the defined three years.METHODS: Secondary data review was conducted along with explanatory methods of analysis individual patient data reported from different corners of the country in the time period of 2015 –2017. Cases were identified using the case definition stated on the national guideline for cholera control in Ethiopia.RESULT: A total of 36,154 cholera cases and 246 deaths were reported (overall case-fatality rate [CFR=0.7%] affecting all regions of the country except Gambella). The outbreak began in 2015 with 238 cases and 2 deaths [CFR=0.8%]. The largest outbreak during the period under this study occurred in 2016, with 29,338 cases and 188 deaths [CFR=0. 6%]. Following a decline in disease occurrence, the country experienced a resurgence of epidemic cholera during 2017 (6,578 cases and 56 deaths; CFR, 0.9%), which declined rapidly to a few cases. AR was higher in males [37.01/100,000] and persons in the age group of 15–44years [44.10/100,000] in 2016.CONCLUSION: The outbreak affected nearly every corner of the country. Taken together, the epidemiological trends of cholera in Ethiopia showed an annual decrement in frequency and length of outbreaks during the 3 years under review. The recent decreases in cholera case counts may reflect cholera control measures put in place by public health authorities of the national Ministry of Health.

Background Corona Virus Disease 2019 is a novel respiratory disease commonly transmitted through respiratory droplets. The disease has currently expanded all over the world with differing epidemiologic trajectories. This investigation was conducted to determine the basic clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease in Ethiopia. Methods A prospective case-ascertained study of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and their close contacts were conducted. The study included 100 COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed cases reported from May 15, 2020 to June 15, 2020 and 300 close contacts. Epidemiological and clinical information were collected using the WHO standard data collection tool developed first-few cases and contacts investigation. Nasopharyngeal and Oropharyngeal samples were collected by using polystyrene tipped swab and transported to the laboratory by viral transport media maintaining an optimal temperature. Clinical and epidemiological parameters were calculated in terms of ratios, proportions, and rates with 95% CI. Result A total of 400 participants were investigated, 100 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 300 close contacts of the cases. The symptomatic proportion of cases was 23% (23) (95% CI: 15.2%-32.5%), the proportion of cases required hospitalization were 8% (8) (95%CI: 3.5%-15.2%) and 2% (95%CI: 0.24% - 7.04%) required mechanical ventilation. The secondary infection rate, secondary clinical attack rate, median incubation period and median serial interval were 42% (126) (95% CI: 36.4%-47.8%), 11.7% (35) (95% CI: 8.3%-15.9%), 7 days (IQR: 4–13.8) and 11 days (IQR: 8–11.8) respectively. The basic reproduction number (RO) was 1.26 (95% CI: 1.0–1.5). Conclusion The proportion of asymptomatic infection, as well as secondary infection rate among close contacts, are higher compared to other studies. The long serial interval and low basic reproduction number might contribute to the observed slow progression of the pandemic, which gives a wide window of opportunities and time to control the spread. Testing, prevention, and control measures should be intensified.

Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus (DENV), a member of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. The virus is transmitted by the infected female mosquito called Aedes aegypti. There are four serotypes, DENV1 through DENV4. Dengue fever is one of the most important re-emerging arboviral disease, more than half of the world's population are at risk of this disease. Starting from 2013 over 12,000 cases were reported from Ethiopia. Descriptive cross-sectional study design was applied to describe dengue fever outbreak data from Kebridhar District reported to Ethiopian Public Health Institute from May to June 2017. Ratios, proportions and rates were analyzed by using Microsoft excel and findings were presented by narrations, frequency distributions and graphs. A total of 101 dengue fever cases were reported from Kebridhar District of Somali Region. Sixty-eight-point three percent (69/101) were males and 9.9% (10/101) cases were hospitalized. The positivity rate of dengue virus was 76.9% (10/13). The median age of cases was 27 years (IQR: 22-38). The case fatality rate was zero and the attack rate was 86 cases per 100,000 population. Eighteen-point eight percent (19/101) cases had bleeding. All cases reported that, they had open water containers, no spraying of houses for six months prior to the onset of the fever and bed net utilization rate was 30.7%. Males and 50-54 years old individuals were highly affected groups. Ministry of Health Regional Health Bureau and District Health Office should work on vector and environmental control activities.