Additives with multiple functional groups are introduced to passivate defects in the perovskite film, yielding efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.

Defect passivation has shown an essential role in improving the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, an efficient and low-cost π-conjugated sulfamic acid additive, 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (4-ABSA), is used to realize durable defect passivation of PSCs. The incorporation of 4-ABSA not only constructs a compact and smooth perovskite film but is also capable of passivating both negative- and positive-charged defects derived from under-coordinated lead and halogen ions. Besides, the π-conjugated system in 4-ABSA can induce preferred perovskite crystal orientation and stabilize the coordination effect between 4-ABSA and perovskite grains. As a result, the inverted planar PSC incorporated with 4-ABSA additives demonstrates an improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 18.25 to 20.32%. Moreover, this 4-ABSA passivation agent also enhances the stability of devices, which retains 83.5% of its initial efficiency under ambient condition at 60 °C after 27 days. This work provides a π-conjugated sulfamic acid for durable defect passivation of perovskite optoelectronic devices.

Although rapid progress has been made in tin-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the inferior film qualities of the solution-processed perovskites always lead to poor reproducibility and instability. Herein, we present a simple seeded growth (SG) approach to obtain high-quality tin-based perovskite films with preferred crystal orientation, large grain sizes, and fewer apparent grain boundaries. High-quality tin-based perovskite films fabricated through this SG process could greatly reduce the nonradiative recombination centers and inhibit the oxidation of Sn2+. Using formamidinium tin tri-iodide (FASnI3) perovskites, the SG-PSCs exhibit a much improved efficiency from 5.37% (control) to 7.32% with all improved photovoltaic parameters. Moreover, this SG strategy is easily applicable to other tin-based perovskite compositions. The PSC based on methylammonium (MA) doped mixed-cation perovskite (FA0.75MA0.25SnI3) exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.54% with an improvement of 19.3% in the photovoltaic performance, making it a general approach for achieving efficient tin-based PSCs.