The contradiction between economic development and the ecological barrier function of the wood processing sector is increasingly deepening. However, China has not yet established a life cycle database for the wood processing industry, which makes it difficult to scientifically evaluate its carbon emission efficiency. Therefore, based on the panel data of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 2014 to 2020 published in the China Statistical Yearbook, this paper combined a life cycle assessment and dynamic network slacks-based model, and the carbon emission efficiency of different stages was measured from the multidimensional perspective of labor, energy, capital input, and economic and ecological benefits output. The results show that: (1) The overall carbon emission efficiency is 0.6161, and the coastal and northwest regions have higher efficiency; (2) The efficiency levels of Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, and another four provinces have been increasing while other regions have significant differences; (3) Beijing, Jiangsu, and the other four provinces are at an effective level overall. The most serious efficiency loss is at the processing stage. These findings provide an important reference for promoting the low-carbon cycle development of China’s wood processing industry and the formulation of policies in various regions.