Quantitative information on long-term net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs (NAPI) and its relationship with riverine phosphorus (P) export are critical for developing sustainable and efficient watershed P management strategies. This is the first study to address long-term (1980e2015) NAPI and riverine P flux dynamics for the Yangtze River basin (YRB), the largest watershed in China. Over the 36-year study period, estimated NAPI to the YRB progressively increased by~1.4 times, with NAPI A (chemical fertilizer input þ atmospheric deposition þ seed input) and NAPI B (net food/feed imports þ non-food input) contributing 65% and 35%, respectively. Higher population, livestock density and agricultural land area were the main drivers of increasing NAPI. Riverine total phosphorus (TP), particulate phosphorus (PP) and suspended sediment (SS) export at Datong hydrological station (downstream station) decreased by 52%, 75% and 75% during 1980e2015, respectively. In contrast, dissolved phosphorus (DP) showed an increase in both concentration (~7-fold) and its contribution to TP flux (~16-fold). Different trends in riverine P forms were mainly due to increasing dam/reservoir construction and changes in vegetation/ land use and NAPI components. Multiple regression models incorporating NAPI A , NAPI B , dam/reservoir storage capacity and water discharge explained 84% and 92% of the temporal variability in riverine DP and PP fluxes, respectively. Riverine TP flux estimated as the sum of DP and PP fluxes showed high agreement with measured values (R 2 ¼ 0.87, NSE ¼ 0.84), indicating strong efficacy for the developed models. The model forecasted an increase of 50% and 7% and a decrease of 15% and 22% in riverine DP flux from 2015 to 2045 under developing, dam building, NAPI A and NAPI B reduction scenarios, respectively. This study highlights the importance of including enhanced P transformation from particulate to bioavailable forms due to river regulation and changes in land-use, input sources and legacy P pools in development of P pollution control strategies.

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Streamflow components (e.g., young water vs old water) and hydrological transit times play an important role in water resource and water quality management. We collected a four-year record of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen (δ 18 O and δ 2 H) in precipitation, groundwater and stream water for six catchments in the Yongan watershed of eastern China. The stable isotope records were used to identify spatio-temporal variations in the young water fraction (F yw , defined as the proportion of the transit-time distribution younger than a threshold age) and mean transit time (MTT) based on sine-wave fitting and convolution integral methods, respectively. The F yw ranged from 14 to 35% in the Yongan watershed. Cumulative transit time showed contrasting distributions, suggesting considerable heterogeneity and a complex interplay between catchment characteristics. Estimated MTTs ranged from 3.2 to 6.3 years and may be explained by catchment characteristics (e.g., elevation and topographic gradient). Observed spatial trends in MTTs likely result from contrasting contributions of different-aged subsurface water flows across the six catchments. The use of F yw constraints in estimating MTTs reduced uncertainty in some catchments, suggesting the potential benefits of combining multiple approaches (e.g., F yw ) to optimize the results of traditional calibration methods. The relatively low F yw and long MTTs highlight the importance of groundwater contributions to streamflow generation and imply a considerable lag time in river water quantity and quality responses to catchment-scale water resource management. Coupling multiple metrics (e.g., F yw and MTT) and isotope models enhances our understanding of watershed-scale hydrologic processes and hydrograph separation. over time and space (Davis Todd et al., 2007).Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen (δ 18 O and δ 2 H) in waters are effective tracers for identifying stream water sources, hydrologic flowpaths and understanding hydrological processes across a range of spatial and temporal scales (McGuire and McDonnell, 2006;Klaus and McDonnell, 2013;Jasechko et al., 2016). Pinder and Jones (1969) first applied δ 18 O and δ 2 H in the 1970s to define event and pre-event water components based on a mass balance approach. In past decades, many studies have applied δ 18 O and δ 2 H for hydrograph separation in upland, forest and permafrost catchments across various geological and climatic regions (Klaus and McDonnell, 2013). Increasing evidences indicate that δ 18 O and δ 2 H coupled with watershed hydro-climate and hydrologic attributions provide an effective approach for exploring

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