Functional convergence in hydraulic architecture and water relations, and potential trade-offs in resource allocation were investigated in six dominant neotropical savanna tree species from central Brazil during the peak of the dry season. Common relationships between wood density and several aspects of plant water relations and hydraulic architecture were observed. All species and individuals shared the same negative exponential relationship between sapwood saturated water content and wood density. Wood density was a good predictor of minimum (midday) leaf water potential and total daily transpiration, both of which decreased linearly with increasing wood density for all individuals and species. With respect to hydraulic architecture, specific and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity decreased and the leaf:sapwood area ratio increased more than 5-fold as wood density increased from 0.37 to 0.71 g cm(-3) for all individuals and species. Wood density was also a good predictor of the temporal dynamics of water flow in stems, with the time of onset of sap flow in the morning and the maximum sap flow tending to occur progressively earlier in the day as wood density increased. Leaf properties associated with wood density included stomatal conductance, specific leaf area, and osmotic potential at the turgor loss point, which decreased linearly with increasing wood density. Wood density increased linearly with decreasing bulk soil water potential experienced by individual plants during the dry season, suggesting that wood density was greatest in individuals with mostly shallow roots, and therefore limited access to more abundant soil water at greater depths. Despite their taxonomic diversity and large intrapopulation differences in architectural traits, the six co-occurring species and their individuals shared similar functional relationships between all pairs of variables studied. Thus, rather than differing intrinsically in physiological responsiveness, the species and the individuals appeared to have distinct operating ranges along common physiological response curves dictated by plant architectural and structural features. The patterns of water uptake and access to soil water during the dry season appeared to be the main determinant of wood density, which constrained evolutionary options related to plant water economy and hydraulic architecture, leading to functional convergence in the neotropical savanna trees studied.

Source water used by woody perennials in a Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) was determined by comparing the stable hydrogen isotope composition (deltaD) of xylem sap and soil water at different depths during two consecutive dry seasons (1995 and 1996). Plant water status and rates of water use were also determined and compared with xylem water deltaD values. Overall, soil water deltaD decreased with increasing depth in the soil profile. Mean deltaD values were -35 per thousand for the upper 170 cm of soil and -55 per thousand between 230 and 400 cm depth at the end of the 1995 dry season. Soil water content increased with depth, from 18% near the surface to about 28% at 400 cm. A similar pattern of decreasing soil water deltaD with increasing depth was observed at the end of the 1996 dry season. Patterns consistent with hydraulic lift were observed in soil profiles sampled in 1995 and 1997. Concurrent analyses of xylem and soil water deltaD values indicated a distinct partitioning of water resources among 10 representative woody species (five deciduous and five evergreen). Among these species, four evergreen and one deciduous species acquired water primarily in the upper soil layers (above 200 cm), whereas three deciduous and one evergreen species tapped deep sources of soil water (below 200 cm). One deciduous species exhibited intermediate behavior. Total daily sap flow was negatively correlated with xylem sap deltaD values indicating that species with higher rates of water use during the dry season tended to rely on deeper soil water sources. Among evergreen species, minimum leaf water potentials were also negatively correlated with xylem water deltaD values, suggesting that access to more readily available water at greater depth permitted maintenance of a more favorable plant water status. No significant relationship between xylem water deltaD and plant size was observed in two evergreen species, suggesting a strong selective pressure for small plants to rapidly develop a deep root system. The degree of variation in soil water partitioning, leaf phenology and leaf longevity was consistent with the high diversity of woody species in the Cerrado.

Abstract. The Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) is a multinational, interdisciplinary research program led by Brazil. Ecological studies in LBA focus on how tropical forest conversion, regrowth, and selective logging influence carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, trace gas fluxes, and the prospect for sustainable land use in the Amazon region. Early results from ecological studies within LBA emphasize the variability within the vast Amazon region and the profound effects that land-use and landcover changes are having on that landscape. The predominant land cover of the Amazon region is evergreen forest; nonetheless, LBA studies have observed strong seasonal patterns in gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem exchange, as well as phenology and tree growth. The seasonal patterns vary spatially and interannually and evidence suggests that these patterns are driven not only by variations in weather but also by innate biological rhythms of the forest species. Rapid rates of deforestation have marked the forests of the Amazon region over the past three decades. Evidence from ground-based surveys and remote sensing show that substantial areas of forest are being degraded by logging activities and through the collapse of forest edges. Because forest edges and logged forests are susceptible to fire, positive feedback cycles of forest degradation may be initiated by land-use-change events. LBA studies indicate that cleared lands in the Amazon, once released from cultivation or pasture usage, regenerate biomass rapidly. However, the pace of biomass accumulation is dependent upon past land use and the depletion of nutrients by unsustainable land-management practices. The challenge for ongoing research within LBA is to integrate the recognition of diverse patterns and processes into general models for prediction of regional ecosystem function.

We measured the 15N natural abundance values of 320 individuals belonging to 45 different plant species of the Brazilian cerrado. We also determined δ15N of soil nitrogen as a function of soil depth. Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that N‐limited cerrado would have a large range of plant δ15N values, similar to patterns seen in northern high‐latitude ecosystems. Foliar δ15N values did demonstrate the large range found in some other N‐limited ecosystems, varying from −5‰ to +7.9‰. Significant variability within individual species was also seen across cerrado community types. Several factors contributed to this variability, including the presence of N‐fixing legumes, associations with mycorrhizal fungi, δ15N variability of soil organic matter with depth, fire events, and the seasonality of N‐immobilization and mineralization processes in cerrado soils.

-The objective of this work was to study the effects of fire on net N mineralization and soil microbial biomass in burned and unburned cerrado stricto sensu sites. The study was carried out from April 1998 to April 2000. The pH values were significantly higher in the burned site while soil moisture content was significantly higher in the unburned site (P<0.05). The soil C/N ratio was 22/1 and the available NO 3 -N ranged between 1.5 and 2.8 mg kg -1 dry weight. However, the NH 4 -N concentration ranged between 3 and 34 mg kg -1 dry weight in the burned site and between 3 and 22 mg kg -1 dry weight in the unburned site. The NH 4 -N increased after fire, but no significant changes were observed for NO 3 -N (P<0.05). The NO 3 -N accumulation occurred in short periods during the rainy season. The rates of net N mineralization increased during the rainy season while reductions in soil microbial biomass were observed at both sites. This suggested that the peak in microbial activities occurred with the first rain events, with an initial net immobilization followed by net mineralization. Both sites presented the same pattern for mineralization/immobilization, however, the amount of inorganic-N cycled annually in unburned site was 14.7 kg ha -1 per year while the burned site presented only 3.8 kg ha -1 of inorganic-N, one year after the burning.Index terms: nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, inorganic compounds, burning. Efeitos do fogo na dinâmica do nitrogênio no solo e biomassa microbiana em área de CerradoResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do fogo sobre as taxas de mineralização líquida de N e biomassa microbiana do solo em áreas de cerrado stricto sensu. O estudo foi realizado entre abril de 1998 e abril de 2000. O pH foi maior na área queimada enquanto o teor de umidade do solo foi maior na área sem queima (P<0,05). A razão C/N do solo foi de 22/1. A concentração de N nítrico disponível ficou entre 1,5 e 2,8 mg kg -1 de matéria seca enquanto a de N amoniacal variou entre 3 e 34 mg kg -1 de matéria seca na área queimada e entre 3 e 22 mg kg -1 de matéria seca na área sem queima. A concentração de N amoniacal aumentou significativamente após o fogo (P<0,05). Pequenos acúmulos de N nítrico no solo ocorreram somente durante curto período na estação chuvosa. A biomassa microbiana teve seu pico máximo em novembro de 1998, chegando a 850 mg kg -1 de C no solo da área queimada. Os dados indicam que o pico da atividade microbiana ocorreu no início das chuvas, com um período inicial de imobilização seguido de mineralização líquida. Ambas as áreas apresentaram um mesmo padrão de mineralização/imobilização, mas com menor produção anual de N mineral na área queimada (14,7 kg ha -1 por ano na área sem queima e 3,8 kg ha -1 por ano na área queimada), um ano após a queima.Termos para indexação: mineralização do nitrogênio, nitrificação, composto inorgânico, queimada.