This study traces appeals to authenticity, over time, in the promotional material of leading social-networking sites (SNSs). Using the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine, the public-facing websites of major SNS platforms-beginning with Friendster in 2002-were sampled at six-month intervals, with promotional language and visuals examined for authenticity claims. The authors tracked these appeals, with attention to changes in promotional copy, through to July 2016, among the most popular social media services (as determined by English-language web presence and active monthly user figures or, when unavailable, reported network size). The study found that nearly all SNSs invoked authenticity-directly or through language like "real life" and "genuine"-in their promotional materials. What stood out was the profoundly reactive nature of these claims, with new services often defining themselves, openly or implicitly, against legacy services' inauthenticity. A recurring marketing strategy, in other words, has been to call out competitors' phoniness by substituting (and touting) some other, differently grounded mode of authenticity. Since the affordances of social sites, even those touting evanescence or anonymity, make them vulnerable to similar charges, the cycle gets replayed with numbing regularity.

This study traces appeals to authenticity, over time, in the promotional material of leading social-networking sites (SNSs). Using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine, the public-facing websites of major SNS platforms—beginning with Friendster in 2002—were sampled at six-month intervals, with promotional language and visuals examined for authenticity claims. The authors tracked these appeals, with attention to changes in promotional copy, through to July 2016, among the most popular social media services (as determined by English-language web presence and active monthly user figures or, when unavailable, reported network size). The study found that nearly all SNSs invoked authenticity—directly or through language like “real life” and “genuine”—in their promotional materials. What stood out was the profoundly reactive nature of these claims, with new services often defining themselves, openly or implicitly, against legacy services’ inauthenticity. A recurring marketing strategy, in other words, has been to call out competitors’ phoniness by substituting (and touting) some other, differently grounded mode of authenticity. Since the affordances of social sites, even those touting evanescence or anonymity, make them vulnerable to similar charges, the cycle gets replayed with numbing regularity.

404Compared with older adults, stroke in the young (15-45 years-of-age) is associated with an additional set of risk factors and aetiologies, some which are more prevalent in or unique to the female population. The goal of this review is to discuss common conditions that are related to stroke in young women, with an emphasis on exogenous hormone use, pregnancy, and migraine with aura.1 The secondary goal is to summarize the risk factors and differential diagnosis of other causes of ischemic stroke more commonly found in young women, and to delineate other gender differences. Potential pathophysiologic mechanisms as well as possible management considerations for common situations are also discussed.The aetiology of stroke in young women may be approached in the manner outlined in the Figure. Note that non-female predominant conventional and unconventional vascular risk factors remain important causes of stroke in young women. Stroke risks exclusive to womenStroke risks exclusive to women pertain to hormonal mechanisms (usually exogenous hormones), or pregnancy and the post-partum period. Hormonal mechanismsThe role of female sex hormones in stroke risk is welldescribed. Endogenous ovarian hormones are protective against vascular disease on account of their favourable effects on lipoprotein metabolism, fibrinolysis, vascular inflammation, vasodilation and neuroprotection 2 . Conversely, exogenous hormone use increases the risk of stroke. Exogenous hormones ABSTRACT: In women ages 15-45 years, an additional set of risk factors are important in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Some of these pertain strictly to women, and relate to exogenous hormones and pregnancy. Various other conditions are more common in women, which include migraine with aura, selected vascular disorders and autoimmune conditions. These differences do have implications for management in both the primary and secondary prevention of stroke in this age group.RÉSUMÉ: L'accident vasculaire cérébral chez les jeunes femmes. Chez les femmes de 15 à 45 ans, un ensemble additionnel de facteurs de risque sont importants dans la pathogenèse de l'accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) ischémique. Certains sont propres aux femmes et reliés à la prise d'hormones et à la grossesse. Certains autres sont plus fréquents chez les femmes, dont la migraine avec aura, certaines maladies vasculaires et maladies autoimmunes. On doit tenir compte de ces facteurs de risque particuliers pour la prévention primaire et secondaire de l'AVC dans ce groupe d'âge.

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