Summary Treatment decisions in Paediatric Dialysis are often fraught with ethical questions about how to serve the best interests of children on dialysis, especially when parents refuse recommended treatments and opt for non‐optimal interventions. This paper reviews the issues of children's rights, as guaranteed in the United Nations Covenant on Children's Rights and the Israel's Patients' Rights Law, and presents several case vignettes where conflict between children's rights for optimal treatment and parental desires arose. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to assure that children's expressed desires and medical needs are met, including the establishment of multidisciplinary committees to address the needs of children on dialysis and their families.

Purpose: Cytokines, aberrantly produced by cancer cells, have recently been implicated in the severity of cancerrelated pain. We hypothesize that functional variations in cytokine genes could explain the variability in cancerrelated pain.Methods: Pain, clinical and demographic variables were assessed at presentation and prior to initiating any cancer treatment in 514 patients with non -small cell lung cancer. Using the TaqMan method, we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-6 (À174GC), , and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a; À308 GA), and determined their associations with pain severity in newly diagnosed early and advanced stage lung cancer.Results: White Caucasians with early (n = 252) and advanced stage (n = 262) non -small cell lung cancer comprised the sample. Pain severity predictably varied by stage of disease, sex, depressed mood, age, and genotype groups. Linear regression analyses showed TNF-À308GA (coeff = 0.16; P = 0.008); sex (coeff = 0.19; P = 0.001), and age (coeff = À0.16; P = 0.002) as significant predictors for pain severity in early stage lung cancer. Among those with advanced stage lung cancer, we observed statistically significant main effects for IL-8 À251 TA (coeff = 0.221; P < 0.001) and significant joint effects of IL-8 À251 TA and age (coeff = À0.0256; P < 0.001) and TNF-À308GA and age (coeff = 0.160; P < 0.016) on pain severity. Classification and Regression Tree analyses showed the same distinct patterns for early and advanced stage lung cancer. We investigated the prevalence of disclosure of genetic test results to first-degree relatives among women who had participated in BRCA1/2 testing 4 to 5+ years previously. We also assessed women's closeness to each of these relatives at the time they underwent testing, and examined disclosure-closeness relationships. ConclusionMethods: Interviews were conducted by telephone with 265 women-all of whom were the first members of their families to be tested for BRCA1/2 mutations. Respondents were asked if they had disclosed (yes/no) to their mothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, spouses, and children (as applicable).Results: The frequency of disclosure was 94.4% to mothers, 87.1% to fathers, 97.1% to sisters, 84.2% to brothers, 98.1% to spouses, and 82.0% to children (reported as a percentage of those who disclosed/presence of that relative category in the family). After controlling for the effect of positive genetic test results, women who felt more personally connected to their adult relatives were more likely to have disclosed to their mothers (r = 0.30, P = 0.007), fathers (r = 0.41, P = 0.00), brothers (r = 0.38, P = 0.001), and spouses (r = 0.22, P = 0.001); closeness was unrelated to disclosure to sisters and children, although older children (age >18) were more likely to be informed than younger children (r = 0.49, P = 0.00).Summary: These data suggest that the majority of firstdegree relatives were informed of women's test results. In addition to age and gender, family dynamics seem to be related to disclosure decisi...

Background: In 2016, Sight for All United (SFAU) was founded in the Mahoning Valley of Ohio with the mission of improving access to care and maximizing the visual potential of the underserved. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients served by SFAU from January 2016 through August 2020. Socioeconomic information, type of service, cost, and dollar amount paid were collected for patients. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and mapped with Esri ArcGIS. Results: A total of 1327 patients received assistance through the medical assistance and school vision programs. In the medical assistance program, 222 patients (mean age 50 years, 57% female) completed applications and 37% (83 patients) were in a household of 3 or more people. Median yearly income was $18 504, 134% above the federal poverty level by household size. The most common surgical services were cataract surgery (101) and vitreoretinal care (17). The most common medical services were eye exams (79) and spectacles (76). Estimated value of medical services provided was $367 249; actual cost was $93 746. The school vision program provided 1105 eye exams, 1514 pairs of spectacles, and 1 cataract surgery with an estimated value of $133 692. Conclusion: Sight for All United provided $500 941 of vision services to its patients since 2016 while dispersing less than $100 000 of donated dollars through collaboration with eye care providers, community resources, and national foun-dations. This study demonstrates the impact vision foundations managed by local eye care providers can have on the needs in their community in a cost-effective and efficient way.