Toxicological relevance of emerging contaminants for drinking water quality Schriks, M.; Heringa, M.B.; van der Kooij, M.M.E.; de Voogt, W.P.; van Wezel, A.P. General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Download date: 02 Apr 2019This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. IntroductionDue to anthropogenic activities, freshwater systems worldwide are confronted with thousands of compounds. In the European Union, for example, there are more than 100 000 registered chemicals (EINECS), of which 30 000-70 000 are in daily use. About 300 million tons of synthetic compounds annually used in industrial and consumer products, partially find their way to natural waters (Schwarzenbach et al., 2006). A major contribution to chemical contamination originates from wastewater discharges that impact surface water quality with incompletely removed organic contaminants (Kolpin et al., 2004;Snyder et al., 2001). Additional contamination comes from diffuse agricultural activities, in which over 140 million tons of fertilizers and several million tons of pesticides are applied each year, and from atmospheric deposition. Such contamination can become an increasing problem for drinking water supplies, especially since the European REACH legislation may drive producers to develop newly designed less lipophilic/bioaccumulative chemicals that will be inherently more difficult to remove by traditional drinking water treatment techniques. Author's personal copy Recently, Loos et al. (2009) presented an EU-wide monitoring study on 35 organic compounds in European river waters in concentrations up to 40 mg/L. In addition, we have shown the occurrence of emerging polar contaminants, such as benzotriazoles and metabolites of illicit drugs (e.g. benzoylecgonine, desalkylflurazepam and 9-carbonic acid-d-9-THC) in groundwaters and surface waters in the Netherlands Van Leerdam et al., 2009).Many of these emerging contaminants raise consid...
High-resolution mass spectrometric identification and quantification of glucocorticoid compounds in various wastewaters in the Netherlands Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. In the past two decades much research effort has focused on the occurrence, effects, and risks of estrogenic compounds. However, increasing emissions of new emerging compounds may also affect the action of hormonal pathways other than the estrogenic hormonal axis. Recently, a suite of novel CALUX bioassays has become available that enables looking further than estrogenic effects only. By employing these bioassays, we recently showed high glucocorticogenic activity in wastewaters collected at various sites in The Netherlands. However, since bioassays provide an integrated biological response, the identity of the responsible biological compounds remained unknown. Therefore, our current objective was to elucidate the chemical composition of the wastewater extracts used in our previous study by means of LC-high-resolution Orbitrap MS/MS and to determine if the compounds quantified could account for the observedglucocorticoidresponsive(GR)CALUXbioassayresponse. The mass spectrometric analysis revealed the presence of various glucocorticoids in the range of 13-1900 ng/L. In extracts of hospital wastewater-collected prior to sewage treatment-several glucocorticoids were identified (cortisol 275-301 ng/L, cortisone 381-472 ng/L, prednisone 117-545 ng/ L, prednisolone 315-1918 ng/L, and triamcinolone acetonide 14-41 ng/L) which are used to treat a great number of human pathologies. A potency balance calculation based on the instrumental analyses and relative potencies (REPs) of the individual glucocorticoids supports the conclusion that triamcinolone acetonide (REP ) 1.3), dexamethasone (REP ) 1), and prednisolone (REP ) 0.2) are the main contributors to the glucocorticogenic activity in the investigated wastewater extracts. The action of these compounds is concentration additive and the overall glucocorticogenic activity can be explained to a fairly large extent by their contribution. Download date: 10 May 2018 High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Identification and Quantification of Glucocorticoid Compounds in Various Wastewaters in The Netherlands
SOLUTIONS (2013SOLUTIONS ( to 2018) is a European Union Seventh Framework Programme Project (EU-FP7) that aims to deliver a solution-oriented conceptual framework for the evidence-based development of environmental policies with regard to water quality and its protection against contamination. This project will integrate innovative chemical and effect-based monitoring tools with a full set of exposure, effect and risk assessment models and strategies to assess abatement options. Uniquely, SOLUTIONS takes advantage of (i) expertise of leading European scientists of major FP6/FP7 projects on chemicals in the water cycle, (ii) access to the infrastructure necessary to investigate the large basins of the Danube and Rhine as well as relevant Mediterranean basins as case studies, and (iii) innovative approaches for stakeholder dialogue and support. In particular, the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) working groups, International River Commissions, and water works associations will be directly supported with consistent guidance for the early detection, identification, prioritization, and abatement options for chemicals in the water cycle. A set of predictive models and tools will support stakeholders' management decisions by benefiting from the wealth of data generated from monitoring and chemical registration. SOLUTIONS will provide a specific emphasis on concepts and tools for the impact and risk assessment of complex mixtures of emerging pollutants, their metabolites and transformation products. Analytical and effect-based screening tools will be applied together with ecological assessment tools for the identification of toxicants and their impacts. Beyond state-of-the-art monitoring and management, tools will be elaborated allowing risk identification for aquatic ecosystems and human health. The SOLUTIONS approach will provide transparent and evidence-based suggestions of River Basin Specific Pollutants for the case study basins and support future review of priority pollutants under the WFD as well as potential abatement options.
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