This paper provides an overview of a novel concept in the field of earthquake engineering. Recent investigations in the field of solid state physics revealed the possibility of manipulating the unique dynamic property of 'frequency band gaps' possessed by phononic crystals or 'periodic structure/materials'. When the frequency of a wave falls within the range of the frequency band gap of a periodic material, the wave, and hence its energy, cannot propagate through the periodic material. So, incorporating periodic structures in foundation and hence termed as, 'periodic foundation' can remarkably reduce the seismic response of superstructure over it. There are a number of variables that can affect the frequency band gaps and their widths of the periodic foundation viz. the density and Young's modulus of materials, filling fraction. Parametric investigations enable the design of efficient and economical periodic foundations. Since the concept of periodic materials dates back to even centuries, there are numerous applications of periodic material in different domains of practical life, which are also reviewed.