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Introduction: Depression is one of the most common causes of loss of health and productivity and inability to work. Duloxetine (Cymbalta) is an antidepressant drug that belongs to the class of Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). In addition, this class is used for the treatment of anxiety disorders. One of the members of the bcl-2 family is the BAX (BCL2 Associated X, Apoptosis Regulator) and it has a key role in the mitochondrial apoptotic process. Under stress conditions, Bax undergoes a conformation change that triggers apoptosis. Objectives:This study aimed to examine the possible impact of long term administration of antidepressant duloxetine on the oral mucosa and salivary glands in tongue. Material & methods:Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into two equal groups. Group one served as control group. Group two served as treated group which received duloxetine dissolved in distilled water in a daily oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight using a curved metallic oro-pharyngeal tube. At the end of the experiment which lasted for three months, the rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to evaluate histopathological finding. Masson' trichrome for collagen detection. Other sections were used to reveal the immuno-histochemical expression of Bax antibodies through computerized image j analysis software. The expression of the marker was analyzed statistically using Mann-Whitney test.Results: Histopathological finding of long term administration of duloxetine treated animals showed noticeable atrophic and degenerative changes in the surface epithelium and lamina propria of both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tongue as well as the lingual salivary gland. Immunohistochemical finding revealed marked increase in the expression of Bax all over the epithelial cells as well as fibroblast, blood vessels and the lingual salivary glands in the lamina propria. Statistical finding in duloxetine treated animals showed highly significant difference in the expression of Bax. Conclusion:Although duloxetine being useful drug in treatment depression, anxiety and severe pain, it harmfully affected the histological structure of oral mucosa and salivary glands of the tongue in adult rats. Accordingly using of these drugs should be under supervision and strong caution.(214) Mervat M. Youssef, et al.

Introduction:With the growing interest in the applications of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in biotechnology and their physiological effects, possible toxicity of gold nanoparticles is becoming an increasingly important issue. It was shown that the toxicity is both dose-and size-dependent, and the AuNPs of higher concentration would cause more cytotoxicity. Aim: Aim of this work was to study the toxic effect of intraperitoneal administration of gold nanoparticles -if any-on the mucous membrane of the tongues of albino rats and the possibility of one-month recovery period. Material and Methods: Forty-six male albino rats were used in the present investigation. They were divided into the following groups: Group (1) (16 rats) served as controls, they received the solvent of AuNPs intraperitoneally daily for 21 days. Group (2) (15 rats) received 10mg/kg body weight of AuNP solution intraperitoneally daily for 21 days. Group (3) (15 rats) were treated the same way as Group 2 for 21 days and then left for one-month as a recovery period. Results: Examination of the tongue of the rats which were exposed to gold nanoparticles solution revealed atrophic and degenerative changes of both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the tongue as well as the lingual salivary glands. The examined tongues of the rats which were allowed a recovery period showed improvement in the histological picture. Conclusion: Exposure to over dose of AuNPs causes atrophic and degenerative changes. A recovery period of one-month can lead to regeneration and improvement in the histological picture.Properties of gold nanoparticles such as shape, size, surface chemistry, targeting ligand, elasticity, and composition largely influence

Aim:The aim of the present work was to study the possible cytotoxic effect of gold nanoparticles on the palate of albino rats using routine H&E stain, Masson' trichrome and immuno-histochemical detection of any possible changes in NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa). Materials and methods:Forty-six adult male albino rats with an average of 150-180 gram body weight were used in this investigation. They were housed in rat cages, (five rats per cage), and labeled with numerical numbers and kept in well ventilated animal house at the faculty of dentistry, Suez Canal University, at temperature 27-30°C, 12 hours natural light and 12 hours darkness. The animals were fed with dry pellet and allowed drinking water adlibitum. Animals were divided randomly into three groups as follows: Group 1: consisted of 16 rats that received a daily intraperitoneal injection of AuNP solvent (0.5 ml deionized water) for 21 days and served as controls. Half the animals of the control group (sub-group 1.1) were euthanized after 21 days, while the other half (sub-group 1.2) were left untreated for one month, then euthanized. Group 2: consisted of 15 rats that received 10mg/kg body weight /day of AuNPs solution dissolved in 0.5 ml deionized water with particle size around 30 nm intraperitoneal for 21 days. Group 3: consisted of 15 rats, they were treated as group 2 for 21 days and then left for one month as a recovery period.The experiment lasted for 21 days for group 2 then the rats were euthanized by cervical dislocation. While the rats of group 3 were euthanized after one month for recovery. The palate of all animals were dissected out, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, processed and embedded in paraffin. Four to five microns thick sections were cut to be stained with; hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination, Masson's trichrome stains for collagen evaluation and immunehistochemical localization of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa) for detection of any possible cellular changes. Results:The histological and immune-histochemical results revealed atrophy and degenerative changes in the palatal tissues associated with increased expression of nuclear factor kappa. A recovery period of one month resulted in regeneration and improvement in the histological structure and function of the tissues.(3446)

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